Cellular Respiration

I. Process by which stored chemical potential energy in glucose is 
   converted to other more usable forms of chemical enery in all  
   living organisms.

II. C6H12O6 +6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

     A. Glycolysis = Glucose (C6) -> Pyruvate (2 X C3

          1. Cytoplasm

          2. Doesn't require O2

     B1. Anaerobic Fermentation = Pyruvate -> Ethanol or Lactic   
         Acid

          1. Fermentation

          2. Cytoplasm

          3. Doesn't require O2

     B2. Aerobic Respiration = Pyruvate -> CO2 + Reduced Molecules

          1. Krebs Cycle

          2. Mitochondria Matrix

          3. Requires operation of Electron Transport Chain

     C.  Electron Transport Chain
           = Reduced Molecules +O2 +ADP +Pi 
              -> Oxidized Molecules + H2O + ATP

          1. Mitochondria Cristae

          2. Requires O2

III. Glycolysis

     A.  C6H12O6 + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi

          -> 2 C3H4O3 +2 NADH + 2 ATP

          1. C6H12O6 = glucose

          2. C3H4O3 = pyruvate

          3. NAD = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

IV. Anaerobic Fermentation

     A.  C3H4O3 + NADH ->

          1. Alcoholic Fermentation = -> C2OH6 + NAD + CO2

          2. Lactate Fermentation = -> C3O3H6 + NAD

     B.  Keeps Glycolysis going by providing NAD

     C.  Low net gain of 2 ATP from Glycolysis & Fermentation

     D.  Useful processes = yogurt, sauerkraut, borsch, pickles,  
                            alcohol, dough

     E.  Food spoilage (Lactobacillus)

V.  Anaerobic Respiration

     A.  Some Monera (bacteria) require anaerobic environments

     B.   C3H4O3 + X- + ADP + Pi

          + Membrane bound electron transport system

          -> X + ATP

     C. Denitrifying Bacteria

          X- = Nitrate, X = Nitrogen

     D. Sulfate-reducing Bacteria

          X- = Sulfate, X = Hydrogen sulfide

     E. Ecologically important in nutrient cycles