×w ¸-Y/I'm a GENUS! Dendrology Database (with species)3.53.5˙€Adaptation of Miami University Dendrology Expert System Tara Lawson, Matthew Lawson, and Ray McCampbell July, 2004 This database simplifies the attributes in the MU Expert System and is designed for elementary students and learning disabled high school students. ANGIOSPERM TREE COMPONENT OF MIAMI UNIVERSITY DENDROLOGY EXPERT SYSTEM; INITIAL DATA BASE AND MENUS CREATED BY DR. ROGER D MEICENHEIMER, ELIZABETH HOOVEN, MATT DULEY, JOY KAMINSKY, ROGER WOESTE, HEIDI MEICENHEIMER, PEGGY MYERS, AND ALICE NELSON. DATA FOR ADDITIONAL SPECIES CONTRIBUTED BY INDIVIDUAL DENDROLOGY STUDENTS INDICATED IN SPECIES HELP. LAST UPGRADE DEC 2003×˙˙ CXAttdata"Pointed (acuminate, acute, obtuse)€("Pointed (acuminate, acute, obtuse)€)"Pointed (acuminate, acute, obtuse)€% 9 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%10 - 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% > 20 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€*Toothed€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Pointed (cuneate, acute, obtuse)€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Smooth ¸Surface is smooth with no hairs or glands. No pubescence. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. athelp95.jpg€Hairy _Surface covered with short, soft trichomes of hairs. Use a hand lens to see the hairs clearly. athelp95.jpg€Prickly ŸSurface covered with stiff sharp multicellular trichomes or hairs that are usually macroscopically visible and can be felt (sometimes painfully) when rubbed. athelp95.jpg€Woody ŰWoody fruit is not pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are inflexible or marginally flexible when bent. The woody components of the fruit are opaque when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€ Whitish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Yellowish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Orangish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Reddish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Pinkish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Brownish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Purplish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Blackish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Greenish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€ Tannish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€Drupe ˙A simple, fleshy fruit derived from a single carpel, consisting of skin like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a hard, stony or woody endocarp that encloses a solitary seed. Also referred to as stone fruit. Common examples include peaches, cherries, and olives. ATHELP6.jpg€Berry řA fruit that develops from an ovary containing one to several carpels consisting of a skin like exocarp and a fleshy, juicy meso- and endocarp containing seeds with hard seed coats. Common examples include grapes, persimmon, tomatoes, and pawpaws. ATHELP6.jpg€Pome ˙>A fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a skin-like exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a papery exocarp that surrounds multiple seeds with hard seed coats. The outer parts of the fruit develop from the expanded floral parts (often the hypanthium) and the receptacle. Common examples include apples and pears. ATHELP6.jpg€Achene ˙VA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp and spongy meso- and endocarp that is unattached to a single seed with a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include sunflower and dandylion "seed". Many achenes of tree species have long trichomes on their exocarp which aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Samara ˙aA fruit derived from a single pistil consisting of a dry indehiscent exocarp that is elongated and flattened into a wing-like structure and spongy meso- and endocarp that are unattached to one or two seeds that have a relatively soft seed coat. Common examples include maple, ash, and elm fruits. The winged exocarp aid in wind dispersal of the fruit. ATHELP7.jpg€Nut ˙xFruit derived from a single pistil composed of a fleshy or leathery exocarp that can be dehiscent or indehiscent and a hard or bony meso- and endocarp that surrounds a single typically oil rich seed with seed coat fused with the endocarp. Common examples include acorns, walnuts, and chestnuts. The latter two examples are typically sold in markets with the exocarp removed. ATHELP7.jpg€Legume ˙QAn elongated fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple linearly arranged seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along two sides (sutures). Common examples include peas, beans, and fruits of redbud, locust, and mimosa trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Follicle ˙A fruit derived from a single simple pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing one or more seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along one side (suture). Common examples include fruits of magnolia and sweetgum trees. ATHELP7.jpg€Capsule ˙WA fruit derived from a single compound pistil composed of a semi-fleshy or leathery exo-, meso-, and endocarp enclosing multiple seeds that are released when the fruit dries and splits (dehisces) along three or more sides (suture) or circular openings (pores). Common examples include fruits of buckeye, poplar, cottonwood, and willow trees. ATHELP7.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Anacardiaceae€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Waxy ÍSurface is covered with waxy deposit that is usually white giving the fruit an overall dull coloration. You can rub the wax off with your fingers revealing the daker more lustrous tissue that lies beneath. athelp95.jpg€`Milky Juice in Petioles ˙The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. To test for milky juice, break the petiole in half and squeeze the petiole. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the broken ends of the petiole. ATHELP30.jpg€Fleshy ŤFruit is pliable and remains partially deformed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Pulpy ĘFruit is very pliable and a semi-solid fluid of various viscosity is expressed when squeezed. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. athelp95.jpg€Papery ÖPapery fruit is not pliable when squeezed, but the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. Often the papery components of the fruit are fairly translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€Leathery ŇLeathery fruit is semi-pliable when squeezed, and the entire fruit or parts of it are flexible when bent. The leathery components of the fruit are not translucent when viewed through bright light like the sun. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€Coriaceous (Thick and Leathery) 8Mature leaves are thick and leathery, and tough to tear. ATHELP31.jpg€PCatalpa€˙˙€/Irregular PlatesgTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form plate like units that have various irregular shapes. ATHeLP17.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Milky Juice ­To test for milky juice, cut the fruit and squeeze the dissected parts. The milky juice is often a thick, sticky, white fluid that exudes from the cut surface of the fruit. athelp95.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€$ Alternate rThere is only one leaf at each node. Leaves at sequential nodes are rotated 137 degrees relative to one another. ATHELP29.jpg€$Opposite ˙eTwo leaves are attached directly across from one another at each node on the twig. Pairs of leaves associated with successive nodes are typically rotated 90 degrees relative to one another. In some species rotational growth at nodal regions results in superposition of successive pairs of leaves in two ranks or columns in the older regions of the twig. ATHELP29.jpg€$Whorled ˙More than two leaves are attached to the node region of the twig. Leaves are equally spaced around the perimeter of the twig at each node. Groups of leaves associated with successive nodes along the twig typically occur in between one another, but in some species may be superimposed. ATHELP29.jpg€%Simple VA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. There are no leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€%Singly Compound ĹThe leaf is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Doubly Compound ˙ The leaf is broken up into small leaflets which attach to a secondary rachis. This secondary rachis attaches to the central rachis. The central rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. ATHELP1.jpg€%Palmately Compound xThe leaflets radiate outward from one point of attachment on the petiole, like your fingers radiate out from your palm. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€%Pinnately Compound dThere is one terminal, unpaired leaflet at the end of the leaf. The total number of leaflets is odd. ATHELP1.jpg€% 3 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 5 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€% 7 Leaflets #Count the total number of leaflets. ATHELP1.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€P Forsythia€˙˙€P Hydrangea€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€;Reddish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Greenish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€; Yellowish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Creamish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Whitish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Pinkish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€;Purplish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€O Juglandaceae €OHamamelidaceae €O Bignoniaceae €&Linear Having a long and very narrow leaf shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg€&Oblong eHaving a leaf blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€& Lanceolate qHaving a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€& Oblanceolate †Having a lance-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€&Ovate ]Having an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€&Obovate lHaving an egg-shaped leaf with the widest part of the leaf above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€& Elliptical €Having a leaf lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€&Oval ¤Having a leaf lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaf is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€& Orbicular mHaving a more or less circular leaf shape in which the width and length of the lamina are equal or nearly so. ATHELP10.jpg€&%Cordate or Reniform (Heart or Kidney) 8Having a kidney-shaped or heart-shaped (valentine) leaf. ATHELP10.jpg€&Rhombic (diamond) vHaving a more or less diamond-shaped leaf with straight margins. The widest part of the leaf lamina is in the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€&Deltoid (triangle) ƒHaving a delta-shaped or equiangular triangle-shaped leaf. Often the sides of the leaf lamina are a little curved toward the apex. ATHELP10.jpg€'Pinnate ¸In the pinnate vein pattern there is one central midrib vein running the length of the leaf with numerous secondary veins branching off of the midrib to form a feather shaped pattern . ATHELP2.jpg€'Palmate ˙In the palmate pattern there are three or more main veins that radiate out from the base of the leaf lamina at the petiole connection. This pattern resembles fingers radiating from your palm. Less prominent secondary veins branch off from the main veins. ATHELP2.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€(Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€( Squared off }Having a tip that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€)Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP4.jpg€) Squared-off ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€) Heart-shaped ¤Having a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiole. ATHELP4.jpg€)Unequal ŒHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiole at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€)Ear-like Lobes "Having ear-like lobes at the base. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€*Smooth BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€*Pinnately Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€*Palmately Lobed dHaving a margin that is indented toward the base of the leaf lamina. Usually also palmately veined. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PLonicera€PViburnum€Glands on Leaflet Margin˙Glands are small protruding bumps on the leaf margin that are typically different in color from the surrounding lamina tissue. Often they occur at the apices of teeth or lobes. Use of a hand lens will help you visualize glands of some species can have very small glands. ATHELP31.jpg€ Bristle TipscHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€O Leguminosae€˙˙€O Myricaceae€O Adoxaceae€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€-Long and Short Shoots ˙&Branches consist of stems of two distinct lengths: The longer, usually more or less horizontally oriented stems bear distinctly shorter "spur" shoots that are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the long shoots. Typically the reproductive structures are borne on the short spur shoots. ATHELP33.jpg€-Unbranched Thorns ĽA thorn is a sharp stiff modified branch. Look for them at the end of a twig, in the axial of a leaf or on the bark. Unbranched thorns are linear with no offshoots. ATHELP33.jpg€-Branched Thorns äThorns are sharp stiff modified branches. Look for them terminating a twig, in the leaf axis or on the bark. Branched thorns are linear with one or more offshoots oriented more of less perpendicular to the parent thorn branch. ATHELP33.jpg€-Spines ˙Spines are sharp stiff modified leaves or stipules. Look for these in the node region of the stem where you would expect to find leaves or stipules. Spines that are modified stipules are found in pairs on either side of the leaf or leaf scar in the node region of the stem. ATHELP33.jpg€,No end (terminal) bud ˙‚These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud after setting this state as present. ATHELP35.jpg€,Naked - no bud scales ˙SLacking or having very reduced bud scales surrounding the terminal leaf primordia. This feature should only be used in late summer through late winter since during early spring to early summer, bud scales are not likely to have formed yet. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud which is located at the very end of the twig. ATHELP35.jpg€,Valvate (like a clam) ‰Bud scales meet at the edges but do not overlap like the bivalves of a clam. Usually associated with opposite arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€,%Imbricate (like overlapping shingles) uBud scales overlap one another like shingles on a roof. Usually associated with alternate arrangement of bud scales. ATHELP35.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PRhus€˙˙€PLindera€PMyrica€˙˙€˙˙€-Square ‘Twig has four definite corners, not rounded, as viewed in cross section. The corners may have ridges of bark (cork wings) associated with them. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€NVine Growing on a TreegWhile obviously not a tree you might encounter several vine like plants climbing up the trunks of trees€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PParthenocissus€OVitaceae€˙˙€˙˙€5Smooth `Trunk bark has relatively smooth texture. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Ridges and Furrows ŽTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Plate like scales čTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form regular or irregular flat plate like units which may be smooth or rough. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€7Rounded Ridges UOuter-most part of the ridges has a rounded appearance as opposed to being flattened. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Scaly Ridges ]Outer-most part of the ridges are more or less flat and textured with small scale-like units. ATHELP16.jpg€7 Corky Ridges nRidges are very pliant when you push against them with your finger, much like a cork from good bottle of wine. ATHELP16.jpg€7Irregular Ridge Pattern DNo regular pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€7Diamond Ridge Pattern WA regular diamond or rhomboid pattern is discernable between the interconnected ridges. ATHELP16.jpg€5Warty ŚTrunk bark has mostly more or less smooth texture with isolated regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5 Corky Wings ćTrunk bark has regions of prominently raised corky outgrowths that are longitudinally extended to form wing-like projections. Surrounding bark texture may be smooth or rough. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€5Papery ˜Trunk bark has more or less smooth texture with outer bark peeling off in thin paper-like sheets. Assess texture of oldest and intermediate age trunks. ATHELP15.jpg€/Puzzle-shaped Plates ŠTrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat jigsaw puzzle shaped units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHELP17.jpg€/Rectangular Plates STrunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form fairly uniform retangular units. ATHELP17.jpg€Horizontal Strips ’Outer bark peels away from inner bark in horizontally elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Vertical Strips Outer bark peels away from inner bark in vertically elongated strips of various widths relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpg€8Very thin (< 3 mm) ţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Broad (> 25 mm) ţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€8Narrow (3 to 25 mm) ţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€;Orangish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€HPyramid ˙>Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of the crown is much wider than the apex like the Aztec and Egyptian Pyramids. crowns.jpg€HCone ˙¨Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. Crown is cone-shaped with the base of the crown distinctly wider than the apex. There is not as great a difference between the base and apex in conical as compared to pyramidal shaped crowns. crowns.jpg€HColumn ˙ŹCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown shape is vertically very linear with more or less parallel sides, except for the very apex which may be pyramidial or conical. Branches within the columnar crown grow almost straight up. crowns.jpg€H Spreading ˙yCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown diverges outward in a horizontal direction with the branches grow more or less straight out in the horizontal plane in spreading crowns. crowns.jpg€H Vase-shaped ˙˝Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The base of crown is much narrower than than apex due to the 35 to 55 degree off-vertical orientation of the lateral branches. These inclined branches form a V-shaped pattern when the crown is viewed from the side. crowns.jpg€HBroad ˙—Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The crown is distinctly wider than it is tall in broad shaped crown. Make sure that the entire crown is alive, since some diseases kill branches from the apex toward the base. crowns.jpg€HRound ˙ßCrown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. The overall outline or perimeter of the crown is well curved or rounded. (Well-rounded like your Miami education - BJ Hooven). The rounded shaped crown arises from the recurved more or less pendulous orientation of the branch system in the crown. crowns.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€O Salicaceae €OUlmaceae €OOleaceae €Linear ’Having a long and very narrow leaflet shape with sides that are almost parallel with one another. Usually more than ten times longer than broad. ATHELP9.jpg€Oblong hHaving a leaflet blade that is much longer than wide with sides that are almost parallel to one another. ATHELP9.jpg€ Lanceolate tHaving a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the base and the narrowest part near the apex. ATHELP9.jpg€ Oblanceolate ‰Having a lance-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaf near the apex and the narrowest part near the base. Inversely lanceolate. ATHELP9.jpg€Ovate cHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet below the middle toward the base. ATHELP9.jpg€Obovate rHaving an egg-shaped leaflet with the widest part of the leaflet above the middle toward the apex. Inverse ovate. ATHELP9.jpg€ Elliptical †Having a leaflet lamina that looks like an ellipse that is twice as long as broad. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. ATHELP10.jpg€Oval ŞHaving a leaflet lamina that is broadly elliptical with the width more than half the length. The widest part of the leaflet is near the middle. Wider than elliptical. ATHELP10.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Rounded 8Having a tip that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. ATHELP3.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Rounded 9Having a base that is curved to form a full sweeping arc. Athelp4.jpg€Squared-off (truncate) ~Having a base that looks like it was cut off at almost a right angle to the midrib forming a flat-topped or squared off shape. ATHELP4.jpg€Heart-shaped (cordate) ŚHaving a heart-shaped base (like a valentine). Both right and left margins curve down and back up to meet in the middle of the junctions between lamina and petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg€Unequal (inequilateral) ŽHaving an asymmetrical base. Left and right basal margins do not join the petiolule at the same position and are of different sizes and shape. ATHELP4.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€Smooth (entire) BHaving a margin that is smooth, without indentations or incisions. ATHELP21.jpg€Repand (wavy or curled) DHaving a margin that is slightly and irregularly wavy or undulating. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€Crenate (ruffled) ™Having a margin with shallowly ascending round or obtuse teeth. Teeth cut less than one-eigth of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the leaf. ATHELP21.jpg€˙˙€Toothed (serrate, dentate) QHaving a saw-toothed margin with sharp teeth pointing forward or toward the apex. ATHELP22.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€Lobed „Having a margin that is indented one-quarter to one-half of the distance to the midrib. Indentions are oriented toward the midrib. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€OFabaceae €O Cornaceae €O Platanaceae €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€NWell Defined Trunk 7The main trunk is unbranched where it meets the ground. ATHELP96.jpg€NMulti-Branched - No Main Trunk ˙_Two or more equally sized trunks come out of the ground in a fairly localized central region. The secondary branches from these multiple trunks form a single unified crown system, the presence of which, will help you discriminate the multi-branched form from individual single trunk forms that are growing in extremely close proximity to one another. ATHELP96.jpg€-Zig-Zag Pattern  ůWhen successive internodes along a twig are viewed along its longitudinal axis, there is a distinct abrupt change in the angle of orientation of successive internodes, usually between 15 and 35 degrees, that alternates between successive internodes. ATHELP33.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€`Glands on Petiole ˙4The petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. If there are glands on the petiole, these usually appear as raised bumps that are a different color than the surrounding tissue of the petiole. The use of a hand lens may be required to see the glands. ATHELP30.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€ Grayish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€ Bluish ˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€OCaesalpiniaceae €˙˙€˙˙€O Magnoliaceae €˙˙€˙˙€OHippocastanaceae €O Simaroubaceae €O Lauraceae €ORosaceae €O Annonaceae €O Tiliaceae €OMoraceae €PJuglans €˙˙€O Aquifoliaceae €O Betulaceae €PCarya €O Aceraceae €OFagaceae €PFagus €PQuercus €PUlmus €PFraxinus €PMagnolia €PPrunus €PMalus €P Crataegus €PAcer €PTilia €PAesculus €PCornus €˙˙€OCaprifoliaceae €O Hydrangeaceae €* Bristle Tips cHaving teeth of lobes that are terminated by a short, sharp, abrupt, terminal point or bristle tip. ATHELP23.jpg€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€XMarch ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XApril ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XMay ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJune ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XJuly ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XAugust ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€X September ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€XOctober ŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PSyringa €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PAsimina €˙˙€PSalix €PBetula €˙˙€POstrya €˙˙€˙˙€PIlex €PCarpinus €˙˙€PCorylus €;Brownish ×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg€PPopulus €˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€˙˙€PCeltis €PMaclura €P Liriodendron €˙˙€˙˙€P Gleditsia €PCercis €˙˙€P Sassafras €˙˙€˙˙€P Gymnocladus €˙˙€PRobinia €PSophora €PNyssa €P Liquidambar €˙˙€Unpleasant Odor When Crushed oWhen the lamina of a leaf or leaflet is crushed in close proximity to your nose an unpleasant odor is released.€˙˙€˙˙€PMorus €PPyrus €˙˙€˙˙€PPlatanus €P Ailanthus d˙˙ CXMenudata˙˙Angiosperm Trees athelp90.jpg _[ !"#NHOPق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قUNUSUAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSRPresence of any of these characteristics will greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP31.jpgfÎق!STRIP-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS˝Outer bark peels away from inner bark in elongated strips of various widths. Assess the orientation of the long axes of the strips relative to the longitudinal axis of the trunk or branch. ATHLP15a.jpgAEق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق# FRUIT COLOR˙Fruit color pertains to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. In general most immature fruits are green in color and slowly develop characteristic colors (which may be green) as they mature. hcolor.jpg <@?>=D:BEA8Cق# FRUIT TYPE˙FFruit types are classified on the basis of the number of pisils that form them. In addition, fruit type is determined by the structure and composition of three concentric layers of tissue comprising the fruit or fruitlet (in the case of compound fruits): The outermost exocarp, the middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. ATHELPC6.jpg FGHIJKLMNق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق#FRUIT MORPHOLOGY˙UExamine the external texture and internal structure of the fruit of your specimen to code these features. Observation of the surface with a hand lens and gently rubbing the surface will facilitate observations on external features. Squeezing followed by dissection or sectioning the fruit will facilitate observations on internal features. ATHELP95.jpg 8_9:abxcd;ق˙˙ق˙˙ق2SINGLY AND DOUBLY COMPOUND LEAFLET CHARACTERISTICS˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themselves subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. In the case of doubly compound leaves use the "Mark OR" feature to set characteristics for both levels of leaflets. ATHELP1.JPGق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق LEAFLET SHAPE˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaflet blade.hijklmnoق˙˙ق LEAFLET APEX˙The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The apex of a leaflet is the top half or the tip of the leaflet. ATHELP3.jpg~ق LEAFLET BASE˙?The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The base of a leaflet is the lower part of the leaflet near where it attaches to the petiolule. ATHELP4.jpg…†‡ˆ قLEAFLET MARGIN˙ The singly compound leaf blade is sudivided into leaflets which attach to a central rachis. The rachis is continuous with the petiole which attaches to the node region of the stem, where the axillary bud will be found. In the doubly compound leaf the leaflets are themself subdivided into still smaller leaflets. These characteristics pertain to the individual leaflets of both singly and doubly compound leaves. The leaflet blade or lamina is the flat part of the leaflet. The margin is the side of the leaflet lamina.ô‹ŒŽő–ق˙˙قGENERAL LEAF CHARACTERISTICSčLeaves can be very helpful in tree identification. Make sure you choose a leaf that is mature. Young leaves may not show all of the characteristics. Look at a range of leaves to assess the general leaf morphology of your specimen. Athelp71.jpg%$قTWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. athelp80.jpg-,قTRUNK BARK CHARACTERISTICS˙$Examine bark characteristics of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if characteristics change with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark characteristics are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process.5/78قFLOWER CHARACTERISTICSŠMake sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually.X;قFRUIT CHARACTERISTICS˙FFruits develop from the ovaries of perfect or pistillate (female) imperfect flowers. If your unknown is fruiting then fruit characteristics can expedite identification. The fruit characteristics generally pertain to fully ripened mature fruits. Care should be exercised if the fruit on your specimen is not fully ripened. ATHELPC4.jpg قLEAF ARRANGEMENTůLeaf arrangement pertains to the number of leaves attached to the node region of the twig and how these leaves are oriented relative to one another. Examine leaves at nodes located toward the base of first year twigs, where internodes are longest. ATHELP29.jpg‚ƒ„Ů‚LEAF COMPLEXITY˙Leaves are usually green, flattened structures that are formed at a node as a lateral outgrowth of a stem. Try to find an axillary bud at the base of a leaf petiole in the node region of the stem. This area signifies the end of the entire leaf in both simple and compound leaves. ATHELP1.jpg …†‡Šˆ‹Œق[SIMPLE LEAF SHAPEyA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Determine the overall shape or geometry of the leaf blade. ATHELPC2.jpg Ź­ŽŻ°ą˛ł´ľśšŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF VENATION˙A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. Venation refers to the pattern of arrangement of the veins (vascular bundles) within the leaf blade. These patterns are readily visible on the under side of leaves or if you hold them leaf up to a light or the sun. ATHELP2.jpgşťŮ‚[SIMPLE LEAF APEXfA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The apex is the tip of the leaf blade. ATHELP3.jpgĂÄق[SIMPLE LEAF BASE—A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The base of a leaf is the lower part of the leaf near where it attaches to the petiole. ATHELP4.jpgĘËĚÍÎق[SIMPLE LEAF MARGINjA simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. The margin is the side of the leaf lamina. ATHELPC1.jpgĐ`ŰŢق˙˙ق BUD MORPHOLOGY˙^These are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. These characteristics pertain to the terminal bud for most species which is located at the very end of the twig. In those species that lack terminal buds use the axillary buds located at the node regions in one or two year old twigs to assess other morphological features of the bud. ATHELP35.jpgق UNUSUAL TWIG CHARACTERISTICS˙bThese are extremely helpful in the winter for deciduous trees. Identify annual increments of twig growth by locating the bud scale scars that demark the boundary between successive years growth of the twig. Make your observations on a three year sequence of twig growth. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. ATHELP33.jpg  ' ق˙˙ق!SCALE-LIKE BARK CHARACTERISTICS´Trunk bark is broken up by small fissures to form flat plate-like units. Assess the overall shape of the plate-like units. Plates of various ages may or may not be overlapping. ATHeLP17.jpg?@iق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق!TRUNK BARK TEXTURE˙ Examine bark texture of both the oldest part of the trunk and intermediate aged (higher up in the tree) branches to determine if texture changes with age. If oldest and intermediate age bark texture are different use the MARK OR function during your selection process. ATHELP15.jpg4><65=ق˙˙ق!BARK RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS˙Trunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess texture and geometry of the ridges of oldest and intermediate age trunks. Examine the pattern that is formed by the interconnections between ridges. ATHeLP16.jpg789:;ق!BARK FURROW CHARACTERISTICSţTrunk bark is broken up by furrows or channeled depressions to form regular or irregular raised ridge-like projections. Assess the average width of the furrows from the outer most part of one ridge to the next adjacent ridge in the transverse dimension. ATHELP18.jpgFHGق˙˙ق˙˙ق" FLOWER COLOR×Make sure the flowers are mature and open but not going to seed. Most trees have mature flower for one to two consecutive weeks annually. USE CAUTION: immature flowers may not be the same color as mature flowers. hcolor.jpg ž™[œ›šŸŚق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق CROWN SHAPE˙˘The crown refers to the system of secondary lateral branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruit that emerge from the main vertically oriented stem axis (either single or multiple stems). Crown shape can only be used reliably in the identification of trees growing in an open, non-forest environment. Care should taken to ensure that the crown shape of your specimen has not been artificially altered through pruning. crowns.jpg\]^_`abق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قTRUNK BRANCHING˙^The trunk is the main vertically oriented stem axis of the tree from which secondary lateral branches emerge to form the crown (branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit) component of the tree. The trunk stem is continuous with the underground multi-branched root system, that typically occupies as much volume underground as the crown does above ground. ATHELP96.jpg%&'قFAMILIES˙đIf you are SURE that you know the family to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Family you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally store!OúZGLMŤ=^ÂÁPŞC_ŠE÷@IůgĂFeDHf1قGENERA˙đIf you are SURE that you know the genus to which your specimen belongs, coding this feature can greatly expedite identification. Otherwise, let the expert engine identify the family, genus, and species, based on your empirical observations. ANOTHER USE OF THIS FEATURE IS FOR THE REVIEW AND/OR EXPLORATION OF PLANT GENERA CHARACTERISTICS ! To accomplish this: 1. Select a Genus you want to review/explore. 2. Decide what feature you want to review/explore and set those character states as being present. 3. You now have a species list that fits your review/explore criteria that you can further refine by reiteration of steps 2 and 3; and not a single tree has been sacrificed to give you this information, because its all digitally stored!/Y[ÖšŁNgźÂ\ĽXQTÁÇ’˘JžĚň˝UWŃËŸ0Ő§VŇRÉœÄĘ”ZSóق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙ق"FLOWERING TIME‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽق˙˙ق˙˙قSIMPLE LEAF CHARACTERISTICS?A simple leaf has only one blade or lamina associated with it. ATHELP1.JPG'(*)&ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙قPETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Some species have very short petioles. ATHELP71.jpg`ق_UNUSUAL PETIOLE CHARACTERISTICSšThe petiole is the more or less round stalk that connects the leaf blade to the node region of the stem. Presence of any of these characteristics can greatly facilitate identification. athelp30.jpg0`ق˙˙ق˙˙ق˙˙&\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1983. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.\The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees. 1996. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.TEyewitness Handbooks Trees. 1992. Coombes A. J. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.JThe Families of Flowering Plants. 1973. Hutchinson, J. Oxford Univ. PressFlora of Japan. Ohwi.IFlora of North America. 1997. Torrey and Gray., Oxford University Press.KFlora of the Northeast. 1999. Magee, D. W. Univ. Mass. Press. Amherst, MA>The Glory of the Tree. 1966. Boom, B. and Kleijn. Doubleday.[Gray's Manual of Botany. 1950. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. Dioscorides Press. Portland, OR.NHow To Identify Flowering Plant Families. 1982. Baumgardt, J. P. Timber PressWThe Illustrated Book of Trees. 1983. Grimm, W. C. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.nThe Illustrated Flora of Illinois. 1980. Mohlenbrock, R. H. Southern Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale, IL.^Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada. Vol. 12. 1952. Gleason, H. A.cManual of Cultivated Broad Leaved Trees and Shrubs. 1984. Krussmann, G. Timber Press. Portland ORUManual of Cultivated Plants. 1949. Bailey, Liberty H. Macmillan Publ. Co. New York.MManual of the Trees of North America. 1905. Sargent, C. S., Dover Publ. NY.VManual of the Trees of North America. 1922. Sargent, C. S., Houghton Mifflin Co. NY.lManual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1968. Radford, A.E. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. NC‡Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. 1991. Gleason and Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden. NYbManual of Woody Landscape Plants. 1998. Dirr Michael A. Stipes Publishing L.L.C. Champaign, IL."Michigan Trees. Barnes and WagnerxThe New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern Unived States and Adjacent Canada. 1956. Gleason H. A.%North American Trees. Preston, R. J.Oxford Book of Trees.DOxford Encyclopedia of Trees of the World. 1981. Oxford Univ. Press+Peterson's Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs.^The Plants of Pennsylvania. 2000. Rhoads, A. F. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia, PA.@Pruning: A Practical Guide. 1993. McHay, P. Abbeville Press. NY&Shrubs of Indiana. 1932. Deam, C. C.WTaxonomy of Flowering Plants. 1967. Porter, C. L.. W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.uTextbook of Dendrology. 1991. Harlow, W.M, E.S. Harrar, J.W. Hardin, and F. M. White. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.KTextbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, J. W. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.MTrees of Indiana. 1953. Deom, C. C. The Bookwalter Co. Inc. Indianapolis, INDTrees of North America and Europe. 1978. Phillips, R. Random HousepTrees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. Farrar, John Laird. Iowa State University Press. Ames.3Tree, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Kansas. Stephens.LVascular Plant Taxonomy. 1988. Walters D. C. and D. J. Keil. Hunt Publ. Co.˜The Woody Plants of Ohio Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized and Escaped. 1961. Braun, E.L. Ohio State University Press. Columbus OH~˙˙ CXItemnameApple, Common or Wild>ƒ> Ash, Blue>ƒ Ash, Brown>ƒ= Ash, European>ƒ? Ash, Green>ƒ Ash, White>ƒxBayberry Northern; Candleberry.>ƒBeech>ƒ!Beech, European>ƒBirch, River or Red>ƒƒBuckeye, Bottlebrush>ƒ]Buckeye, Ohio or Fetid>ƒ_Buckeye, Yellow or Sweet>ƒ Butternut>ƒD Catalpa Tree>ƒCherry, Black, Wild or Rum>ƒ Cherry, Sour>ƒCherry, Sweet or Mazzard>ƒ•%Chokecherry, Amur; Cherry, Manchurian>ƒICockspur Thorn>ƒdCornelian Cherry>ƒ3Cottonwood, Northern>ƒ'Crab-Apple, Garland; or Wild Sweet Crab>ƒ‘Crabapple, Fuji>ƒ‰Crabapple, Japanese Flowering.>ƒ’Creeper, Virginia>ƒrDogwood, Alternate Leaf>ƒcDogwood, Flowering>ƒ‹Dogwood, Rough Leaf>ƒ5 Elm, American>ƒ6 Elm, Chinese>ƒElm, Northern, Slippery>ƒwElm, Scotch or Wych>ƒ0Filbert, Common or European>ƒnForsythia, Weeping>ƒ7 Hackberry>ƒšHawthorn, Downy or Red>ƒ{Hawthorn, Green>ƒHickory>ƒHickory, Shellbark; or King-Nut>ƒHickory, Swamp or Bitternut>ƒHolly>ƒ–Holly>ƒL(Honeylocust; Sweet-locust; Thorny Locust>ƒkHoneysuckle, Amur>ƒ”Honeysuckle, Morrow>ƒ1#Hop-Hornbeam, American; or Ironwood>ƒ2Hornbeam, American>ƒ˜Hornbeam, European>ƒ^Horse-Chestnut, Common>ƒ`Horse-Chestnut, Red>ƒmHydrangea, American>ƒNKentucky Coffeetree>ƒ@ Lilac, Common>ƒ)Linden, American; American Basswood; Lime>ƒp(Linden, Big-Leaved; or Large-Leaved Lime>ƒ\Linden, Common or European>ƒvLinden, Crimean>ƒ[%Linden, Small-Leaved or Little-Leaved>ƒoLinden, White or Silver>ƒQLocust, Black or Yellow>ƒŒLondon Planetree>ƒGMagnolia, Bigleaf>ƒE#Magnolia, Cucumber; or Cucumbertree>ƒhMagnolia, Saucer>ƒ)Magnolia, Southern or Evergreen; Bull-Bay>ƒHMagnolia, Star>ƒF%Magnolia, Sweetbay or Swamp; Swampbay>ƒV Maple, Amur>ƒY(Maple, Ashleaf or Manitoba; or Box-Elder>ƒMaple, Black, Rock or Hard>ƒZ Maple, Hedge>ƒXMaple, Japanese>ƒU Maple, Norway>ƒTMaple, Paperbark>ƒ #Maple, Red, Soft, Scarlet, or Swamp>ƒ Maple, Silver, Soft or White>ƒMaple, Sugar or Hard>ƒWMaple, Sycamore or Planetree>ƒs Mulberry, Red>ƒ9Mulberry, White>ƒ( Oak, Basket>ƒ+ Oak, Black>ƒ#Oak, Burr or Mossy-cup>ƒ$Oak, Chinkapin>ƒ& Oak, English>ƒ% Oak, Overcup>ƒ*Oak, Pin>ƒ Oak, Red>ƒŠ Oak, Sawtooth>ƒ/ Oak, Scarlet>ƒ- Oak, Shingle>ƒ, Oak, Shumard>ƒ'Oak, Swamp White>ƒ) Oak, Turkey>ƒ Oak, White>ƒ. Oak, Willow>ƒ: Osage-Orange>ƒ%Pagodatree, Japanese; or Scholar-tree>ƒePawpaw>ƒgPear, Bradford Callery>ƒ Pear, Common>ƒPecan>ƒzPlum, Cherry or Myrobalan>ƒMRedbud, Eastern; or Judas-tree>ƒJSassafras, Common>ƒ€ Spicebush>ƒ‚ Sugar Berry>ƒSumac, Fragrant>ƒ„Sumac, Staghorn>ƒ'Sweetgum; Redgum; Sapgumm; Starleaf-gum>ƒSycamore>ƒaTree-of-Heaven>ƒ&Tuliptree; Yellow Poplar; Tulip-poplar>ƒb"Tupelo, Black; Blackgum or Sourgum>ƒViburnum, Blackhaw>ƒ} Viburnum, European Cranberrybush>ƒlViburnum, Maple-leaf>ƒ Walnut, Black>ƒ Walnut, English or Persian>ƒWalnut, Japanese>ƒ%Washington Hawthorn; Washington Thorn>ƒtWillow, Babylon Weeping>ƒ4 Willow, Black>ƒWillow, Coyote>ƒ“ Willow, Pussy~>ƒZ campestre>ƒVginnala>ƒTgriseum>ƒYnegundo>ƒnigrum>ƒXpalmatum>ƒU platanoides>ƒWpseudoplatanus>ƒ rubrum>ƒ saccharinum>ƒ saccharum>ƒ`carnea>ƒ_flava>ƒ]glabra>ƒ^ hippocastanum>ƒƒ parviflora>ƒa altissima>ƒetriloba>ƒnigra>ƒ˜betulus>ƒ2 caroliniana>ƒ cordiformis>ƒ illinoensis>ƒ laciniosa>ƒovata>ƒDspeciosa>ƒ‚ laevigata>ƒ7 occidentalis>ƒM canadensis>ƒr alternifolia>ƒ‹ drummundii>ƒcflorida>ƒdmas>ƒ0avellana>ƒI crus-galli>ƒšmollis>ƒ phaenopyrum>ƒ{viridis>ƒ grandifolia>ƒ! sylvatica>ƒnsuspensa>ƒ americana>ƒ= excelsior>ƒ nigra>ƒ? pennsylvanica>ƒ> quadrangulata>ƒL triacanthos>ƒNdioicus>ƒm arborescens>ƒ– aquifolium>ƒopaca>ƒ ailantifolia>ƒcinerea>ƒnigra>ƒ regia>ƒ€benzoin>ƒ styraciflua>ƒ tulipifera>ƒkmaackii>ƒ”morrowii>ƒ:pomifera>ƒE acuminata>ƒ grandiflora>ƒG macrophylla>ƒh soulangeana>ƒHstellata>ƒF virginiana>ƒ coronaria>ƒ‰ floribunda>ƒ‘ sieboldii>ƒ sylvestris>ƒ9alba>ƒsrubra>ƒx pensylvanica>ƒb sylvatica>ƒ1 virginiana>ƒ’ quinquefolia>ƒŒ hybridium>ƒ occidentalis>ƒ3 deltoides>ƒavium>ƒz cerasifera>ƒcerasus>ƒ•maackii>ƒserotina>ƒg calleryana>ƒcommunis>ƒŠ acutissima>ƒ alba>ƒ'bicolor>ƒ)cerris>ƒ/coccinea>ƒ- imbricaria>ƒ%lyrata>ƒ# macrocarpa>ƒ$ Muehlenbergii>ƒ* palustris>ƒ.phellos>ƒ(prinus>ƒ&robur>ƒ rubra>ƒ, Shumardii>ƒ+velutina>ƒ aromatica>ƒ„typhina>ƒQ pseudoacacia>ƒt babylonica>ƒ“discolor>ƒexigua>ƒ4nigra>ƒJalbidum>ƒ japonicum>ƒ@vulgaris>ƒ americana>ƒ[cordata>ƒveuchlora>ƒ\europaea>ƒp platyphyllos>ƒo tomentosa>ƒ5 americana>ƒwglabra>ƒ6 parvifolia>ƒrubra>ƒl acerifolium>ƒ}opulus>ƒ prunifoliumœ˙˙ CXItemrec)˙IFraxinus Americana This species belongs to the Oleaceae (olive) family and is native to the United States, and can be found from Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota and south to Texas spreading to northern Florida [1]. Distinguishing characteristics include; 8-12 inch leaves, usually with 7 leaflets but can sometimes exceed this number and rarely has 5 leaflets [2]. The leaflets can be 2 ˝ to 5 inches long and 1 ź to 2 ž inches wide. The shape of the leaflets can be ovate, elliptical and other times oval, with acute or acuminate apexes, and rounded or acute bases. The margins are serrate or entire, with leaf surfaces dark green and glabrous above and whitish or pale green with pubescence or glabrous below. The tree is dioecious, the male flowers bloom first and the pollen is airborne when the female flowers are receptive. The fruit is a lanceolate samara 1-2 inches long and only ź inch wide, which can live for 3-4 years on the forest floor [2]. A major defining characteristic is the deep diamond-shaped furrow and ridges appearance of the bark when mature. Major uses: the wood of this ash is economically important due to its strength, hardness, weight and shock resistance. It's used for tool handles, second only to hickory. Most baseball bats are made out of this wood along with tennis rackets, hockey sticks, and oars among other things [1]. Also can be utilized as a snake bite prophylactic. The tree is very common today for it quickly colonizes abandoned fields and farmland. Especially in areas like Ohio this ash can be used for rehabilitation of disturbed sites, like old coal mines. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/fraame/ [2]. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. FACOM.jpg&647347376439162;„M ˙ŒAcer saccharum Native to the US [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leafs are opposite, simple, palmately veined, 3 to 6 inches long and have five lobes with a toothed margin [2]. The flower is yellow to green, small, clustered and hang from a long (1 to 3 inch) stem, appearing with the leaves. The fruit is a two-winged horseshoe-shaped samara about 1 inch long, appearing in clusters. The twig is brown, slender and shiny with lighter lenticels. The terminal buds brown and have very sharp points [2]. The bark is variable, but is generally grayish brown. Older trees may be furrowed, with long, thick irregular curling outward ridges. Major Uses: A. saccharum is a very important timber tree for it's hard, often figured, wood [3]. The wood is often used to make furniture, cabinets, veneer and musical instruments. It is the only tree today used for syrup production. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?Region=NorthAmerican&SpeciesID=106 [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharum.htm [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/saccharum.htm ASCOM.jpg&57970336414134;„F˙WAcer nigrum, Aceraceae Black maple Black Maple is Native to the US. (1) Distinguishing Characteristics: The characteristic palmately lobed Acer leaf is distinguishable from other species by its persistent leaf like stipules on the twigs, below the petiole base of full leaves. Narrow double samara angle. Repand leaf blade. The wood properties of black and sugar maple overlap in a narrow range and for all practical purposes are considered the same. (2) Black maples are tapped for sap in the process of making maple syrup. Tests on unreplicated plots of black and sugar maple showed little differences between the two taxa in the sugar content of sap (2) Black maple is cut and sold with sugar maple as hard maple lumber. In most practical forest treatments, because of its similarities in wood properties, black maple has been included with sugar maple and treated as a subspecies. Data From: 1) USDA Plant Database http://plants.usda.gov/ 2) Sylvics of North America http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acer/nigrum.htm Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 ANCOM.jpg&57374336418136;„)2 ˙çNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are persistent, leathery, elliptical, spiny-toothed. Bark is light gray, usually covered in lichens. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood of American holly is tough and hard but not strong. It is used for veneer and to a limited extent as pulpwood and lumber. Greatest use of the wood is for specialty items such as fancy cabinet inlays, small pieces of furniture, brush backs, handles, novelties, wood engravings, scroll work, woodcuts and carvings, measuring scales and rules for scientific instruments;when dyed black to resemble ebony, it is used for piano keys, violin pegs, and fingerboards [1]. Interesting facts: Fruit dispersal is facilitated by birds. Despite the presence of saponins in the leaves and berries, American holly is not considered poisonous to man or animals. When the Pilgrims landed the week before Christmas in 1620 on the coast of what is now Massachusetts, the evergreen, prickly leaves and red berries of American holly (Ilex opaca) reminded them of the English holly (Ilex aquifolium), a symbol of Christmas for centuries in England and Europe. Since then American holly, also called white holly or Christmas holly, has been one of the most valuable and popular trees in the Eastern United States for its foliage and berries, used for Christmas decorations, and for ornamental plantings [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm IOCOM.jpg&564402405275;„6q˙_Tilia americana This native tree is found throughout the eastern United States [1]. Reaching heights of 75 to 130 feet at maturity. Distinguishing Characteristics: reddish outer bark with a dark inner bark, the leaves are simple with a serrated margin, ovate with a truncate, inequilateral base, lustrous on the upper surface and the lower side has axillary tufts of hair. The small nut produced has a smooth exocarp with a persistent ovate bract. The wood is used for cabinet making, paneling and trim, musical instrument soundboards, and pulp [1]. The inner bark is believed to have been used by Native Americans for a variety of goods such as fabric, clothing, roping, basket weaving, and canoe construction. Also, most of our honey is made from Tilia americana flowers [2]. Tilia americana's wood is classified by Carey and Gill as a "fair" firewood [1]. Basswood is a favorite source of food of the White-tail deer and its easily decayed wood makes a good home for cavity nesting animals like the wood duck and woodpecker [1]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com TACOM.jpg&597999653855324352280;„&˙SFagus grandifolia, American Beech Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have more than 10 pairs of pinnate veins and the leaf margin is blatantly serrate. The bark is a smooth gray, the twigs are in a zigzag pattern. Buds are spindle like. This slow-growing, common, deciduous tree reaches its greatest size in the alluvial soils of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and may attain ages of 300 to 400 years. Beech mast is palatable to a large variety of birds and mammals, including mice, squirrels, chipmunks, black bear, deer, foxes, ruffed grouse, ducks, and blue jays. Beech wood is excellent for turning and steam bending. It wears well, is easily treated with preservatives, and is used for flooring, furniture, veneer, and containers. It is especially favored for fuel wood because of its high density and good burning qualities. Creosote made from beech wood is used internally and externally as a medicine for various human and animal disorders. Data from Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 FGCOM.jpg&380325226276268;„T˙|Prunus serotina Native to eastern North America spanning from Minnesota to Texas and from Florida to Nova Scotia with populations in Arizona and New Mexico (1). Distinguishing characteristics: alternate, simple 2-6 inch long, leaves that are toothed, thick and leathery with a pair of glands on the petiole and tufts of hair along the basal part of the midvein. The bark is thin and smooth and brown to black on young trees, but fissured, scaly, thick and almost black on older trunks. The fruit is a purplish-black drupe (1.2 cm in diameter) (1). Major uses: The wood is strong, hard, close-grained and reddish brown. It is valued for furniture, panelling, veneers, and cabinetry. Prunus serotina in soil reclamation of disturbed surface mines. The bark is used in the Appalachians as a cough supressant, remedy and sedative. The fruit is used to flavor rum and brandy. The fruit is also eaten raw or made into jellies and wines. The fruits are an important source of food for many animals but the leaves, twigs and bark are poisonous to livestock but not to White-tailed deer (1). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us PSCOM.jpg&506661282380380;„z˙0Ulmus rubra Native tree of North America with a range that extends from southwestern Maine to New York, extreme southern Ontario, northern Michigan, central Minnesota, and eastern North Dakota; south to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, southwestern Oklahoma, and central Texas; then east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most abundant in the Great Lake States and in the corn belt of the Midwest as it grows best on moist, rich soils of lower slopes, stream banks, river terraces, and bottom land especially those of limestone origin.[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Medium sized trees up to 25 m tall and 60 cm in diameter. Leaves are simple, alternate, approximately 15-20 cm long with single serrated margins and an asymmetric base. Upper surface of leaf is dark green and scabrous, underside of leaf is paler and less hairy. Leaves are pinnately veined. Buds are about 6mm long, dark brown with reddish brown hairs, with a rounded tip[2]. The flowers are inconspicuous and perfect[3] each on separate short stalks in dense fascicles and they appear before the leaves from February to May. Fruits are circular samaras 10-15 mm long, which are hairless except on the seedcase, which is covered by reddish-brown hair[4]. Inner bark is "slippery", hence the common name. Major Uses: The wood is inferior to Ulmus americana but it is still used commercially for the same products: furniture, paneling and containers. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus rubra.htm [4] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press URCOM.jpg&423871231241358;„v5˙Juglans nigra Native from New England all the way through Texas. A large deciduous tree, it grows between 50 and 75 feet tall. Distinguishing characteristics: pinnately compound leaves are 1 to 2 feet long with up to 23 leaflets. Leaflets are finely serrate and 3 to 3.5 inches long. The leaves emit an odor when crushed. Male flowers are single stemmed catkins. Female flowers on short spikes near end of twig[1]. Flowers are present April to June. Twig is stout with short buds. The fruit is a semi-fleshy nut. The meat is edible when it matures from September to October. Bark is dark brown-gray to dark brown-black. with rounded ridges and furrows forming moderatly think uneven plates. This wood is rated as one of the most durable woods, even in conditions favorable to decay. Major uses: furniture, cabinets, gunstocks, novelties, interior paneling, and veneer[2]. The grain is very straight, and easily is easy to work with hand tools and machines. It takes paint and stain well, and glues and polishes well[2]. This tree is difficult to transplant and prefers moist, well-drained soil. They are used for food, fruit, lawn trees, and to fill parks and wide open spaces[1]. The fruit is known to be messy. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/jnigra.htm [2] http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/HardwoodNA/htmlDocs/juglans2.html JNCOM.jpg&358428222253200;„Xd˙łQuercus rubra Native tree of North America and is the only native oak extending northeast to Nova Scotia. It has a range from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, to Ontario, in Canada; from Minnesota south to eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma; east to Arkansas, southern Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate with 7-9 lobes with several bristle-tipped teeth and V-shaped notches. Upper surface dull yellowish green, paler underneath. This tree is monoecious and its staminate flowers are borne in catkins that develop from leaf axils of the previous year. The pistillate flowers are solitary that develop in the axils of the current year's leaves. The fruit is an acorn that occurs singly or in clusters from two to five, is 12-25 mm long, almost as wide and short-stalked. Cup saucer-shaped 15-25 mm across, enclosing about one-quarter of the nut[2]. Major Uses: Extensively planted as an ornamental because of its symmetrical shape and brilliant fall foliage[3]. Important food source for squirrels, deer, turkey, and birds. Information provided by Jon Tyson. ] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar.Iowa State University Press [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/quercus/rubra.htm QR1COM.jpg&407703226309248;„_X˙ďQuercus alba Is a native species found in upland forests preferring western facing slopes[4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate-oblong 10-20 cm long. They are 3-4 paired lobes with entire or sparsely toothed lobes [3]. The underside of the leaf is pubescent when young then becomes glabrous with a bluish to grey-green color. The fruits are acorns about ź covered with a cap. The young shoots are pubescent [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Food for wildlife [2]. It is also a highly prized lumber for furniture, veneer, paneling, flooring, and railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, ships, and caskets. It is currently the major source of wood for whiskey barrels [5]. The white oak can live upwards of 600 years [3]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html QACOM.jpg&382686226288256;„+˙Fraxinus nigra Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves with 7 to 13 oblong, sessile leaflets, each ~ 12 cm long. The fruit is an oblong-elliptical samara. Bark is grayish, relatively smooth, later becoming shallowly furrowed with corky ridges. Major uses of tree and wood: Many aspects of this tree are unknown because it has never been commercially important. Wood is used in weaving because it splits easily. The seeds are an important food to game birds, songbirds, and small animals. The twigs and leaves provide browse for deer and moose [1]. Interesting facts: Black ash typically grows in bogs, along streams, or in poorly drained areas that often are seasonally flooded [2]. Although a very slow growing, black ash can live up to 260 years. Not found under heavy forest cover. Seeds can live up to at least 8 years in the soil. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. FNCOM.jpg&650352376443166;„K Acer rubrum ARCOM.jpg&57764336423140;„L ˙śAcer saccharinum Native to Northern Central, Eastern, and Northern Southern U.S, and South Eastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Opposite, Simple, 5 lobed, palmate venation, deep, and doubly serrate leaf, with a silver colored underside. Young stems possess a fetid odor when crushed. acute - right angle double samara fruit [2]. Branches swoop downward, and then curve back upward [3]. One of the earliest flowering species within it's range, blooming in late February, April, or May. Major Uses: Wood used for furniture, boxes, crates, food containers, paneling, and core stock. A Timber harvest in Mid- West U.S. Seeds eaten by birds and small animals. Bark is a top food source for beavers in South East Ohio. Cavities in the tree used by birds and mammals for nests. Strip mine succession and regeneration. Sometimes used as an ornamental but it has fragile limbs susceptible to ice breakage, and rotting, plus large amounts of twigs being shed. The shallow root system of this tree also tends to invade water systems. Maple syrup can be made from this tree. This tree species is highly susceptible to fire damage which will destroy both mature seeds and new sprouts [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/acesah/ [2] http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_saccharium.html [3] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/asaccharinum.htm AS1COM.jpg&57868336424142;„oN ˙m Platanus occidentalis This is a native tree of North America with a range from southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, and southern Wisconsin; south in Iowa and eastern Nebraska to eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and south-central Texas; east to northwestern Florida and southeastern Georgia. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. In general, this tree grows best on sandy loams or loam with a good supply of ground water, typically on the edges of lakes and streams where summer water tables drop enough to permit soil aeration during the growing season[1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Large tree up to 35 m in height and 200 cm in diameter. Bark of the tree is smooth and brownish which exfoliates in jigsaw puzzle shaped pieces to expose green, cream-colored, or white inner bark. Bark is dark brown and scaly at the base of mature trees. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, slightly wider, simple and alternate with 3 to 5 palmate lobes with central lobe wider than it is long, are coarsely toothed, and are prominently 3-veined. Persistent stipules are prominent in the spring. Buds are bluntly coned-shaped, 6-10 mm long, reddish, covered with a single scale enclosed in the base of the leaf stalk until after leaf fall. No terminal bud; end bud originates as lateral bud[2]. Staminate and pistillate flowers are separate but appear on the same tree on different shoots. Staminate flowers are small, yellowish-green, and in clusters along the twigs. The pistillate flowers are larger, crimson, long-stalked and appear in ball like clusters near the shoot tips. Fruits are held in a solitary ball-like aggregate 20-35 mm across that hang from 8-16 mm long stalks. Fruits are achenes and they are small, one seeded, and elongated with stiff brownish hairs at the base[3]. Major Uses: Sometimes a pioneer tree on upland old- field sites, especially in the central part of its range. It has become a favored species for use in intensively cultured "biomass farms" in the southeastern United States that use the coppice growth for fiber. It is valuable for timber and it is also planted as a shade tree because of its distinctive white exfoliating bask and broad dense crown[4]. Poet William Cullen Bryant wrote about this tree: "And plane tree's speckled arms o'er shoot/ The swifter current that mines its root"[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http: www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/platanus/occidentalis.htm [5] Family Field Guides. Trees: North American Trees Identified by Leaf, Bark & Seed.1997. Steven M.L. Aronson. Workman Publishing POCOM.jpg&456632230236;„n8 ˙ Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum grows from Connecticut southward throughout the East to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is found as far west as Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. It also grows in scattered locations in northwestern and central Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Distinguishing Characteristics: Sweetgum is monoecious. The small, greenish flowers bloom from March to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that form the multiple heads, 2.5 to 3.8 cm (1 to 1.5 in) in diameter, of small, two-celled capsules. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed extraction several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty fruiting heads often remain on the trees over winter. Bark: Grayish brown, deeply furrowed into broad scaly ridges. Leaves: alternate, simple, and slightly heart-shaped with 5-7 lobed divisions, finely serrate with rounded appressed teeth; bright green and smooth above; paler below. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, railroad ties, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, radio-, television-, and phonograph cabinets, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. Sweetgum is also called redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, or bilsted, it is a common bottom-land species of the South where it grows biggest and is most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. This moderate to rapidly growing tree often pioneers in old fields and logged areas in the uplands and Coastal Plain and may develop in a nearly pure stand. Sweetgum is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeast and the handsome hard wood is put to a great many uses, one of which is veneer for plywood. The small seeds are eaten by birds, squirrels, and chipmunks. It is sometimes used as a shade tree. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. LSCOM.jpg&453485233240;„A> ˙ĂMagnolia grandiflora Native North Carolina to Florida and Texas, Cultivated 1734 [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree; leaves alternate, simple, entire, evergreen, shiny dark green above, ferruginous-pubescent below; flowers showy, white, fragrant, June; fruit an aggregate of follicles, red seeds [1]. Major Uses: ornamental. This species is resistant to damage by Sulfur dioxide, and is thus often planted in urban areas [2].Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] http://www.na.fs.fed.us MGCOM.jpg&440508253219;„q9 ˙Liriodendron tulipifera Native to eastern North America (from Vermont west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, and east to northern Florida) growing in open areas, coves, lower slopes, and disturbed sites [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Palmately veined, orbicular, 4-lobed leaves with entire margin. Showy flowers with yellow-green petals and an orange corolla. Oblong, 1-winged, 4-angled samaras. Stipules are large and encircle the twig. Twigs have a sweet, spicy odor when broken. Sapsucker holes are common on bark of older trees [1]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Wood is commercially important for its soft and workable quality for interiors of furniture, plywood cores, veneer, and composite products [2]. Reclamation of mining sites and crop fields. Most nitrogen-demanding of all trees [2]. Susceptible to a number of leaf diseases and insects, such as aphids which produce honeydew making the tree undesirable in urban areas. Historical values include medicinal uses as worming medicine, antiarthritic, cough syrup, cholera remedy, and heart stimulants. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http:// www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/ltulipifera.htm [2] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=581&Region=North American LTCOM.jpg&436489253222244;„  ˙ŰBetula nigra, Betulaceae Black Birch Distinguishing Characteristics: The bark is papery with a white outer color and a red to salmon inner color. Twigs are brown, pubescent, the pith is homogenous and the buds imbricate. Leaves like most birch are simple, alternate, pinnately veined, and double serrated with a lustrous and glabrous topside. The primary range of river birch is the southeastern quarter of the United States. Scattered populations are found along rivers and streams as far north as southern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and the middle New England States. The tree's beauty makes it an important ornamental, especially at the northern and western extremes of its natural range. Because of its tolerance to acid soils, river birch has been used successfully in strip mine reclamation. It has also been used in erosion control. Its graceful form, attractive bark, and high resistance to the bronze birch borer make it desirable for ornamental planting. River birch is used mainly for local enterprises such as the manufacture of inexpensive furniture, basket hoops, and turned articles. Experiments in North Carolina did not indicate that it is desirable for commercial pulpwood production, but naturally occurring merchantable-sized trees are often harvested for pulpwood when mixed with other bottomland hardwoods. Strength of the wood makes it suitable for the manufacture of artificial limbs and children's toys. "The most beautiful of American trees" is what Prince Maximilian thought of river birch when he toured North America before he became the short-lived Emperor of Mexico. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 BNCOM.jpg&366134224343;„y$+˙Crataegus phaenopyrum This species is native to southeastern United States. Distinguishing characteristics: Lustrous, serrate, 3 lobed leaf with pinnate venation that extends to sinuses and lobed teeth. Slash like stipule scars. Branched and unbranched thorns are both present. Glossy red fruit can persist until spring. Major uses: Ornamental. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Trees & Shrubs.2002.Don Blaxell, Geoff Bryant, Richard Francis, Denise Grieg, Sarah Guest, Judy Moore, Tim North, Valda Paddison, Simon Roberts, Tony Rodd, Peter Scholer, Barbara Segall, John Stowar, Kevin Walsh. Global Book Publishing Pty Ltd. CPCOM.jpg&479275290393;„&˙Carya ovata Native Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Tree with long, flat, plate-like bark; leaves pinnately divided, 5(7) leaflets, serrate, densely ciliate; buds brown; flowers April-May [1, 2]. Major Uses: natural landscaping, wood used for tool handles, rough lumber, railroad ties, fuel, barbecue smoke, furniture, athletic goods. Nuts frequently eaten by squirrels [3, 4]. Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plats of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden: Bronx, New York. [3] http://www.museum.state.il.us [4] http://www.na.fs.fed.us COCOM.jpg&352178222260204;„f˙&Carya illinoensis Is native to the United States and was found over wide areas by early settlers in the lower Mississippi Valley [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are lanceolate to oblanceolate (12 to 20 in.) with 9 to 17 leaflets that are laceolate to ovate usually sickle shaped that are 2 to 7 in. long. Fruit is smooth, winged, and splits all the way to the base along the four wings. Fruits are usually in clusters of 3 to 12 and are ellipsoidal and 1 to 2 in. long. Twigs are reddish brown with orange-brown lenticles. Bark is brown to brownish gray on mature trees. Major Uses: Timber is used for flooring, paneling, and furniture [1]. Is mainly valuable for its fruit and is produced and harvested on a commercial scale. It is the largest of the native hickories and can grow from 110 to 140 ft. It is often found as a scattered tree on moist but well drained ridges in river bottoms. There are more than a hundred horticultural clones that have been listed. It is susceptible to fire damage at all ages. Bark is extremely sensitive to scorching, and hot fires may kill mature trees [2]. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/carya/illinoesis.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow and Harrar. McGraw-Hill Publishing. CICOM.jpg&348176222269;„ 4˙pJuglans cinerea Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: Presence of chambered pith. Highly pubescent leaves, petiole, and fruit. Fruit also sticky and oval with sharp corrugations. The fruit is green when young and turns brown with age. V-shaped leaf scars encircle twig. Leaves are alternately arranged and pinnately compound. Major Uses: Fruit is edible, and is the major economic importance of this species. It is sweet and oily like butter, thus the common name being butternut. Little wood cut annually, but can be found in specialty lumberyards [1]. Used seldomly for cabinetwork or furniture. Early settlers used fruit bark/husk to make orange or yellow dye. The root bark is also a laxative. This species popular in New England for making maple-butternut candy [1]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov JCCOM.jpg&356427222256198;„lgB$˙Rhus aromatica The 'Fragrant Sumac' is a shrub native to eastern North America found in dry, sandy soils and is often in the under story of more open oak-hickory forests [1]. It has compound leaves with three 1-3 inch acute leaflets (A similar species, R .trilobata has .5-1 inch obtuse leaflets) [2]. It has long, hairy, bright red fruits in small irregular clusters and short naked aments that form in the summer and persist through the winter to bloom the following spring. As the common name suggests it is aromatic [2]. This shrub works great as a wood edge or ground cover because of its showy flowers, fruits and autumn foliage. It is also great for erosion control for its habit of developing roots on branch tips that touch the ground [3]. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] Michigan Trees. Barnes and Wagner. University of Michigan Press. [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillen Company. [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/r/rhuaro/rhuaro1.html Coded by Bill Amberg. ra20com.jpg&344162;„eV)˙^Pyrus communis Introduced from Europe. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple alternate leaves which are finely serrated with a shiny upper. Clusters of white showy inflorescence. Glossy twigs with conical shaped terminal buds. Fruit is the common pear. Scaly ridged gray bark. Major Uses: Ornamental. Used as a veneer. Mostly used for cultivation of the common pear. It is cultivated in all temperate zone countries in both hemispheres. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/pcommunis.htm [2] http://www.passina.com/productspearinfo.html PC1COM.jpg&509683290384;„x3˙EJuglans ailantifolia Also known as Heartnut or the Japanese walnut, this is a variation of cordiformis native to temperate Asia, specifically Japan. Distinguishing characteristics include deciduous pinnately compound leaves with leaflets having a dark green glabrous upper surface and densely pubescent veins on the lower surface. Bark is cracked and shoots have glandular hairs. Mature height can be 15 meters. Male catkins are 15 cm long and hang solitary. Female catkins are erect spikes with purple pubescence. There are 9-22 flowers with prominent pink stigmas that bloom from October to November [1]. The fruit is sticky and rust-colored with thick, heart-shaped shells in clusters of 10-22. The hardwood is used in the lumber industry, and the nuts are used as a food source. It is also planted as a shade tree, and can tolerate a variety of climates. Typical habitat is disturbed forest and shrubland. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.horizons.govt.nz/images/Japanese%20Walnut.pdf [2] http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403010 JACOM.jpg&222;„P˙Prunus avium A common orchard tree in the milder parts of Canada; native to Asia Minor[1]. Grows best on the thicker layers of soil over limestone and on deep flushed soils on lower valley slopes[2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Very small tree; only about 5m in height. Leaves are simple, alternate, obovate, double-toothed, gland-tipped, upper surface is dull dark green with hair beneath at the vein axils. Glands on petioles. Buds are shiny brown, clustered on dwarf shoots, diverging widely from the twig. Flowers are white and showy and borne in small hanging clusters with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 1 pistil. Fruits are approximately 25 mm across and deep red to black in color[3]. The bark is smooth, reddish or purple brown in color with a metallic copper sheen and large lenticels in bands around the trunk[4]. Major Uses: Used to make furniture, veneers, and paneling. Smokers also like this wood for pipes. Cultivated for its sweet tasting fruit. Birds also love the fruit hence the avium epithet. Grown as an ornamental due to its showy flowers and reddish Autumn foliage color[5]. When burned as firewood, it has the fragrance of cherry blossom. Information provided by Jon Tyson [1] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [2] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm [3] ] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press [4] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm [5] http://www.rfs.org.uk/totm/cherry.htm pa1com.jpg&495648282380375;„bo˙-Styphnolobium japonicum Formerly Sophora japonica. The 'Japanese Pagoda tree' or 'Scholar-tree' is a native to China and Korea, introduced into North America in 1747. This tree was also recently known as Sophora japonica. It has single or doubly compounded leaves and a persistent terminal infructescence that will bear a legume that resembles a strand of beads[1]. It has longer leaflets and an absence of spines to differentiate it from S. viciifolia and is deciduous and bears its flowers in panicles to differentiate it form S. secundiflora.[2] It is mainly used as an ornamental street or lawn tree and because of its beauty it is often planted around Buddhist temples which is where its common names are derived. A yellow dye can be extracted by baking the flowers until brown and then boiling them in water[3]. Information provided by Andy Farrell, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/s/sopjap/sopjap1.html [2] Manual of Cultivated Plants. L.H. Bailey. MacMillan Company. [3] Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Dirr. Stipes Publishing Company SJCOM.jpg&;„'˙żCarya laciniosa Native to most of the Eastern half of the United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Pinnately compound leaves with seven leaflets. Outer bark exfoliates in long vertically peeling plates. Orange to brown twigs may be slightly pubescent. Large terminal buds [1]. Produces the largest nut of all hickories accumulating to 70- 105 liters of nuts per year [2]. Major Uses: Due to it's hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible wood, it's uses include furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuel wood, and charcoal. A few areas harvest the nuts. Primarily the nuts feed squirrels and other nut eating species. No ornamental value, due partly to cleanup associated with volume of nuts produced [1], and it's vulnerability to a variety of insects [2]. Usually a lowland species susceptible to low light intensities, early settlers used this tree as an indicator of fertile soil [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House [2] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carya/laciniosa.htm CLCOM.jpg&350177222263206;„F*˙đMalus sylvestris,var domestica - This tree is known throughout the British Isle except Northern Scotland and was Introduced during colonial times. It is found throughout Europe and the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: small deciduous tree. Height: 10 -16 m. Leaves are elliptical, and deep green on the top, and whitish green on the bottom. They are described as abruptly acuminate, cuneate, or rounded. The petiole is very pubescent and dark purple fringed with grey hairs. Bark is dark brown and finely cracked into small square plates. Flowers are white and faintly pink and flower in late May. These flowers provide a valuable nectar source for the manufacturing of honey by bees. The wood is used for carving, inlay work, mallets, and screws. The firewood has a pleasant aroma. The flower from Malus sylvestris is also the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Aboretum/Masy.htm British-Tress.com pmcom.jpg&491282372;„C*˙žMalus coronaria Native to the United States and is especially prominent is Ohio as it grows wild in probably every county [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Flowers have pink blossoms. Leaf margins irregularly toothed, and leaves are ovate to oblong and simple. Black, thread-like glands on upper midrib of leaves[2]. Spines on twigs and/or trunk. Fruit is a round, reddish pome about 1 in. in diameter [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Mammals (deer, raccoons) eat fruit and squirrels eat seeds. Fruit also consumed by humans. Less hardy varieties of apple trees are grafted onto M. coronaria [1]. Also hardy in urban environments. Fruit can be made into crabapple jelly. Creates problem when fallen fruit attracts bees and wasps [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto. 2002. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/crabapple_sweet/crabapple_sweet.html [2] http://ohioline.osu.edu/b700/b700_42.html PCCOM.jpg&490282370;„(˙ĹCarya cordiformis Is a native species [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-9 oval-lanceolate leaflets on pinnately compound leaves. The leaves have acuminate apices and are pubescent beneath. The buds are yellow [2]. The bark is thin and scaly. The young twigs have a rust-brown pubescence that becomes glabrous. The nut is a reddish-brown nut that is thin shelled and found solitary or in clusters of 2 to 3 [2]. Major Uses: The dark close-grain texture makes it valuable to furniture making including flooring [1]. The high shock resistance of the wood makes it favorable to making tools. Other uses include pulpwood, dowels, bars, crates, and pallets. It is also used as fuel especially for smoking meats. Ornamental [1]. It is considered a short lived pecan hickory with a life span of only 200 years. The tree is known by a variety of common names including Bitternut, swamp hickory, and others. Also it is considered one of the most northern pecans [1]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html CC1COM.jpg&345175222271210;„w6˙AJuglans regia Juglans regia is native to the region in Eurasia extending from the Near East through to the Himalayas and on to Western China. Walnuts must have been harvested from earliest times but the earliest records of actual growing of orchards of walnut trees go back to classical Greek and Roman times. Distinguishing Characteristics: Deciduous, monoecious trees, 12-15 m tall (Payne vars.), 17-20 m tall (Eureka, Placentia, Mayette, Franquette), and rarely up to 60 m tall; bark brown or gray, smooth, fissured; leaf-scars without prominent pubescent band on upper edge. The leaves are alternate, foetid, pinnate, without stipules; leaflets to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; margin irregularly serrate, glabrescent above, pubescent and glandular beneath. The flowers develop from dormant buds of previous season's growth.Broken twigs and leaves have a spicy somewhat pleasant odor to them. Major Uses: Juglans regia are used for the commercial production of nuts. Nuts consumed fresh, roasted, or salted, used in confectioneries, pastries, and for flavoring. The shells may be used as antiskid agents for tires, blasting grit, and in the preparation of activated carbon. (Activated charcoal and fructose have recently been suggested to foil the alcohol "breathalizer.") Groundnut shells used as adulterant of spices. Crushed leaves, or a decoction used as insect repellant and as a tea. Outer fleshy part of fruit very rich in Vitamin C and produces a yellow dye. Fruit, when dry pressed, yields valuable oil used in paints and in soap making; when cold pressed, a light yellow edible oil used in foods as flavoring. Young fruits made into pickles, also used as fish poison. The wood is hard, durable, close-grained, heavy, used for furniture and gunstocks. Juglans regia is often grown as ornamental. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. JRCOM.jpg&429222252201;„'˙™Fagus sylvatica Native to the British Isles, continental Europe, and western Asia [1]. Prefers cool, moist areas. Distinguishing Characteristics: Fine hairs on margin with tomentum on veins. Male flowers borne on globose heads, while female flowers borne on spikes. Edible nuts are irregular triangularly shaped in pairs in a woody husk and covered with spines. Bark is gray-blue in color smooth. Often branches close to ground level on tree [2]. Major uses: as a solitary specimen or shade tree in parks, golf courses, estates, or other large areas; not recommended near roadways or disturbed areas. More than 30 cultivars of this tree have been produced for their form, leaf shape, and fall color: varying from a golden copper color to purple. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/fagu_syl.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/fsylvatica.html FSCOM.jpg&381327226275269;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„S^˙šQuercus macrocarpa Native Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are irregularly lobed, the center pair of sinuses the deepest, pale and pubescent below. Twig is stout with conspicuous corky ridges on secondary growth. Nut enclosed one-half or more with conspicuous fringe on margin [2]. Major uses of tree and wood: The wood is commercially valuable and marketed as white oak. Acorns of bur oak make up much of the food of red squirrels and are also eaten by wood ducks, white-tailed deer, New England cottontails, mice, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and other rodents The species is also widely planted in shelterbelts because of its drought tolerance [1]. Interesting facts: The bur oak has the largest acorns of all native oaks and is very drought resistant. It grows slowly on dry uplands and sandy plains but is also found on fertile limestone soils and moist bottomlands. It is a pioneer tree invading prairie grasslands, and it is planted frequently in shelterbelts. The comparative ease with which bur oak can be grown makes it a fine tree for streets or lawns. Bur oak is a slow-growing tree. It is not resistant to flooding. Tolerates urban pollution better than mostoaks. Can live to 440 years of age [1]. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 [1] www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/vol2_Table_of_contents.htm [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow & Harrar. McGraw-Hill. QMCOM.jpg&395692226291258;„T_˙ Quercus muehlenbergii Native species to North America found in western Vermont and New York, west to southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, extreme southeastern Minnesota, and Iowa; south to southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central Texas; east to northwest Florida; and north mostly in the mountains to Pennsylvania and southwestern Massachusetts. There are local populations in the mountains of southeastern New Mexico, Trans-Pecos Texas, and northeastern Mexico. Leaf is alternate, simple, obovate or oblong, large coarse gland tipped teeth on margin, 4 to 7 inches long, dark, shiny green above, much paler below. Flower is monoecious, male flowers are yellow-green long catkins (3 to 4 inches long); females are green to reddish, very small in leaf axils. Appearing with the leaves. Fruit are acorns, nut 1/2 to 1 inch long, broadest below the middle, thin bowl shaped cap covers about 1/3 of acorn and forms a tattered fringe on the margin of cap, dark brown when mature. Twig is slender to moderate, orange brown, buds cluster at branch tips, terminal buds 1/8 inch long, pointed, chestnut brown, individual scales with frosted edges. Bark is thin, light gray, rough and flaky. It seldom grows in size or abundance to be commercially important, but the heavy wood makes excellent fuel. The acorns are edible and sweet. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/quercus/muehlenbergii.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=QUMU QM1COM.jpg&399693226303262;„V]˙ŰQuercus lyrata Quercus lyrata is a native species to the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: Deciduous, simple, alternate, oblong-ovate leaf that has wide middle lobes that resemble a lyre. Fruit is an acorn that is almost completely covered by the cupule that has no fringes. Major uses: Ornamental. This species is protected in New Jersey as an endangered species. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/a.html QLCOM.jpg&395691226291;„Uc˙ƒQuercus robur Introduced in the 17th century by English colonists and now thrives in much of Canada and the northern United States [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: lobed alternate, simple leaves (3-5" long and ž-2 ˝" wide) on short petioles (1/6-1/3 " long), leaves are dark green and glabrous, basal lobes present, elongated acorn on a long peduncle with 1/3 of the nut covered by the cap. This large tree is sensitive to drought and, in moist climates, powdery mildew and leaf fungi. It is used as a shade tree in large open areas and its wood is used in furniture making, casks to age wines and spirits and it was once used to build Englands ships centuries ago [3]. The wood is acidic and will corrode nails that are not galvinized. Species is very long lived (up to 1000 years) [3]. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs. 1. www.floridata.com 2. www.nobleplants.com 3. www.digimorph.org QRCOM.jpg&406701226266;„]Y˙rQuercus bicolor Is a native to North America (Eastern United States) and is found in southern Ontario to Maine and south to Virginia and west to Missouri [2]. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves are deciduous and 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 4 ˝ in. wide. Leaves are obovate, shallowly lobed or coarsely toothed. Fruit nut (Acorn) are ž to 1 ź in. long and are usually paired on a slender peduncle. Twigs are straw-brown, and terminal buds are orange-brown and glabrous. Bark on upper limbs peel off in ragged, papery scales. Lower bark is deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. It is often used as a shade tree for large lawns, golf courses, and parks. Timber is often used for beams, boards, railroad ties, furniture and for flooring. Is able to adapt very well to either wet or dry sites [1]. It is a member of the White Oak group and may hybridize freely in the wild. Fall color is often yellowish-brown, but occasionally reddish-purple or golden. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/qu_color.html [2] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Harlow and Harrar. McGraw-Hill Publishing. QBCOM.jpg&384687226303260;„Qb˙ĆQuercus prinus The Chestnut Oak is native to North America and can be found primarily in the Appalachian Mountains and adjacent hill country. Chestnut oak are distributed from southwestern Maine west through New York to extreme southern Ontario and extreme southeastern Michigan, south through southern Indiana and extreme southern Illinois to extreme northeastern Mississippi, east through northern Alabama to Georgia and north along the Piedmont to Delaware. Chestnut oak grows along the coast of Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and in the New England states. Distinguishing Characteristics: Chestnut oak is a medium-sized, native, deciduous, monoecious tree. It is long-lived and slow growing. At maturity, chestnut oak is usually 65 to 80 feet (20-24 m) tall and 20 to 30 inches (51-76 cm) in diameter, but on good sites, it can reach a maximum size of 100 feet (30 m) in height and 72 inches (183 cm) in diameter. The acorns are large. The leaves are yellow-green, lustrous on top and paler, finely haired on the bottom. The margin of the leaf has evenly sized teeth extending the majority of the margin but becomes less distinct toward the base and apex. Major Uses: Chestnut oak wood is cut and utilized as white oak lumber. The acorns are eaten by numerous upland wildlife species, including white-tailed deer, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and wild turkeys. White-tailed deer occasionally browse young oak sprouts, especially the first year after cutting or burning. The deer only take the top few inches of the sprout unless it is extremely succulent or other food is scarce. Small birds and mammals, as well as insects such as bees, use chestnut oak cavities for nesting. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. QPCOM.jpg&405700226301;„^Z˙ŞQuercus cerris It is native to central and southern Europe and Asia. Was introduced as an ornamental tree. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Acorns ripen in their 2nd year and are covered in "mossy" scales and are up to 10mm long. Leaves: Elliptic to oblong deeply lobed/ toothed glossy dark green top, downy when young becoming smooth beneath. Mature trees can reach 35m in height. Monoecious tree. Major Uses: Not used for lumber because of warping and splitting during seasoning. Acorns sometimes used as coffee substitute. Bark and wood used as tannins. Information provided by John Helton, 2003. [1] http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/trees/quercus.htm#turkey QCCOM.jpg&688226;„W`˙^Quercus palustris Native species to North America. Distinguishing Characteristics. In unpruned species, lower branches slope downwards. The leaves are simple and alternate, with 5-7 lobes and axillary tufts of hair on the underside. The twigs and bud have a reddish brown coloration. Fruit is an almost round nut, with only about ź enclosed by cupule. Major Uses: Ornamental and shade. Utilized for making veneers and railroad ties, and often used for fuel wood. Knots in wood prevent high quality products. Also planted to attract game species such as the wood duck, white tailed deer, and wild turkey [1]. Tolerated urban stress such as street salt, acid rain, and smoke well, so it is often planted in urban areas [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://plants.usda.gov [2] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quepal.html QP1COM.jpg&403697226319252;„Rf˙0Quercus velutina Q. velutina is a native plant to the USA. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves are obovate or ovate in shape with 5 to 7 bristle-tipped lobes. The upper surface is lustrous while the lower surface has pubescent axillary tufts. Leaf shape is variable, with sun leaves having deep sinuses and shade leaves having very shallow sinuses [1]. The nuts are ˝ to ž inch long and ovoid with approximately 1/3 of the nut enclosed by the cap, which is dull brown and tomentose, with a small fringe at the bottom. The nut also has vertical lines that look like pin stripes running the length of the nut [2]. Buds are large, buff-colored, pubescent, pointed and distinctly angular. The outer bark is nearly black and deeply furrowed while the inner bark is yellow-orange. Major Uses: The wood is used for and marketed as red oak, but the wood quality is lower, and yields are often low due to defects and heart rot [3]. It is not widely used ornamentally because other species are more attractive and better suited to urban conditions. Information provided by Dan Pesek, 2003 [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/qvelutina.htm [2] http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/trees/Q-velutina.html [3] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?Region=NorthAmerican&SpeciesID=892 QVCOM.jpg&410704226311250;„\e˙GQuercus shumardii Shumard oak, red oak, swamp red oak Shumard oak is a large, deciduous, native tree. It ranges up to 120 feet (40 m) in height, with trunk diameters of up to 80 inches (200 cm). The crown is open and wide spreading, with massive, ascending branches [1]. Distinguishing characteristics: Leaves, seven to eleven lobes with many bristle tips, upper lobes T shaped on eleven?lobed leaves, deep sinuses, axillary tufts of hair [2]. Brown to gray brown, glabrous twigs. The bark is furrowed with broken ridges, shallowly grooved and somewhat scaly on large trees. Shumard oak acorns are egg?shaped and pubescent with the cap covering at most one fourth of the nut. Major uses: Commercial wood, important for trim, flooring, cabinets, and furniture [2]. It is a shade intolerant tree found next to streams and rivers, in bottomlands and on limestone soils. Shumard oak is long?lived; the oldest Shumard oak found on a blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata) savanna was 480 years of age [1]. Quercus is Latin for "oak tree; shumardii is for the geologist Shumard [2]. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/queshu/ [2] Forest Trees: A guide to the Southeastern and Mid?Atlantic Regions of the United States. 2003. Lisa J. Samuelson and Michael E. Hogan. Prentice Hall. QSCOM.jpg&408699226313254;„[\˙uQuercus imbricaria Native to Mid- Western, North- Eastern, and Eastern United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: A Red Oak with bristle tips. Alternate, simple leaves with stipules. It has entire leaves with a pubescent underside from 2- 5 cm. wide. Lightly furrowed bark with reddish interior [2]. Flowers begin as greenish catkins and eventually produce 1/2-inch acorns. Acorns are on very shot peduncles in groups of 2 or 3. Major Uses: It's sturdy, usually straight wood is used for beams, boards, railroad ties, and furniture [1]. Also has a use as ornamental or shade tree. It's common name of the "Shingle Oak" refers to its use as shingles for roofing by pioneers. A mature nut of this species takes two years to form [3]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W.; Leopold, Donald J.; White, Fred M. McGraw- Hill [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/qu_caria.html [3] Hugh Johnson's Encyclopedia of trees: completely revised and expanded to include a newly illustrated A-Z index of tree species. 1990. Johnson, Hugh. Portland House QICOM.jpg&391690226330;„`a˙ŔQuercus phellos Located from the bottom lands of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to and southeastern Pennsylvania to Georgia and northern Florida, eastern Texas to southeastern Oklahoma. Also found in Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee. It is commonly found on land along courses of water, flood plain forests and upland swamp areas. This is a medium to large oak tree. Distinguishing characteristics: Male and Female flowers are on separate catkins on the same tree, and they lack petals. Flowering occurs from February to May. Leaves are simple and alternate. They have an acute apex that is bristle-tipped. The twig is very slender. Bark is brown and gets rough with age. The fruit is an acorn. This tree is known rapid growth and long life. Major uses: Very important for lumber and pulp. Very important to wildlife due to heavy acorn production. Deer, squirrels, birds, turkey, and ducks make use of acorns and leaves. This tree is easily transplanted and used heavily in urban areas. This is also a good shade tree so it is planted as an ornamental [1]. Information provided by Lindsey Potter, 2002 [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spof/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/quercus/phellos.htm QP2COM.jpg&404699226325;„Z[Quercus coccinea QC1COM.jpg&385698226318255;„!! ˙ÂCorylus avellana The cultivated hazelnut is native to Europe and Asia Minor. It was discovered in Gloucestershire, England around 1863. Hazelnut production failed initially in the eastern US due to Eastern filbert blight. Corylus avellana is a member of the Betulaceae (birch) family. It was considered a large shrub (10-15 ft) in Europe, but has been trained to a single trunk in the United States to facilitate mechanical harvest. It is noted for its contorted, twisted growth. The leaves are doubly toothed which is characteristic of the Betulaceae family. They are also deciduous, alternate, simple, and stipulate. Nuts are large and not winged. Two coarsely toothed, leathery leafy bracts surround each. It is oval in shape, containing a kernel that has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate. Its branches are valued for their use in flower arranging [1]. Filbert wood was used for "divining rods" and "witching rods" which helped locate buried treasure or valuable soil minerals/ores. Nuts were associated with the occult, and said to possess mystic powers. Nuts were burned by priests to enhance clairvoyance, used by herbalists for various remedies, and used in marriage ceremonies as a symbol of fertility [2]. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1] http://www.natorp.com/Corylus%27Contorta%27.htm [2] http://www.uga.edu/fruit/hazelnut.htm [3] Textbook of Dendrology. 1996. Hardin, Leopold, and White. McGraw-Hill. CACOM.jpg&254224349311;„.K ˙ŤOstrya virginiana Found in eastern North America from Nova Scotia to Florida and as far west as North Dakota and Texas [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: leaves are alternate, simple, doubly toothed; fruits are flattened nuts enclosed in clusters of inflated papery sacs covered with stiff hairs; the grayish-brown bark is shaggy in vertical strips. This shade toleant tree is a popular tree in recreational areas. The close-grained wood is heavy, extremely hard, and used for fence posts, golf clubs, tool handles, mallets, and the Lakota people used the wood to make bows [1]. The relative fast juvenile growth is utilized in the restoration of disturbed sites. The small size of the tree makes it commercially unimportant in terms of timber [2]. The buds and catkins are an important winter food source for turkey, grouse, pheasant and rodents [2]. Infromation provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.fs.fed.us 2. www.floridata.com OVCOM.jpg&374573224348308;„/ ˙ŕCarpinus caroliniana Native to Eastern US. Distinguishing Characteristics: Doubly-serrate oblong leaves are pubescent underneath. Reddish-brown twigs are slightly zigzagged with pointed buds. Plant is monoecious with flowers appearing in April. Female flowers are up to 4" long and are subtended by a 3-winged bract which remains on the resulting nutlet. Smooth gray bark with vertical ridges. Major uses: Ornamental, but rarely used because hard to transplant. Important food for wildlife. Wood is hard, but not used because the tree is typically too small for milling. Frost resistant to 17 F. An important component in the understory of American forests. Great fall color varying from yellow to orange to red. Information provided by Scott Sanderson, 2003. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/carpinus/caroliniana.htm [2] http://www.sfws.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/index.html [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/c/carcar/carcar1.html CCCOM.jpg&372172224348306;„O˙pPopulus deltoides Native tree of North America occurring frequently on moist well-drained sands or silts near streams. It grows from southern Quebec westward into North Dakota and southwestern Manitoba, south to central Texas, and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia.[1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple and alternate, triangular in shape, with a taper pointed tip. Approximately 20-25 coarse teeth per side with no teeth on the tip or near the stalk. Upper surface of the leaf is bright shiny green with a paler underside. Petiole is flattened with glands present near the junction. Terminal buds are about 20 mm in length, slender, yellowish-brown and very resinous[2]. Flowers occur from February to April before leaves appear. Male flowers are 8-13 cm long, have 40-60 stamens and are reddish in color. Female flowers are slightly longer at 15-30 cm and less conspicuous in color than the males. Seeds develop in 3-4 valved capsules on short stalks on long catkins[3]. Major Uses: Frequently planted to provide quick shade near homes. Also is used for soil stabilization especially along stream or ditch banks. Is being used as cattle feed since it is a good source of cellulose relatively free of undesirable components such as tannins[4]. Can be and is, used for wood pulp in the paper industry. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [2] Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. 1995. John Laird Farrar. Iowa State University Press. [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume _2/ populus/deltoides .htm [4] ibid PDCOM.jpg&322639218367;„{m˙ISalix nigra A native to North America; Black is the largest and the only commercially important willow of about 90 species. This short-lived, fast-growing tree reaches its maximum size and development in the lower Mississippi River Valley and bottomlands of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Leaf is alternate, simple, pinnately veined, lanceolate in shape, 3 to 6 inches long, with a finely serrate margin. Leaves are dark and shiny above, light green below. Flowers are dioecious; flowers are tiny, green, borne on catkins, 1 to 3 inches long. Present May to June. Fruit is cone-shaped capsules that contain many small, cottony seeds; borne on catkins. Capsules split on maturity. Maturing June to July. Twig is slender, orange-brown in color, with a bitter aspirin taste. Buds are small and oppressed, covered by one bud scale. The terminal bud is absent. Stipules/scars are obvious. Bark is Brown to gray-black, with thick, somewhat scaly ridges and deep furrows. Black willow is used for a variety of wooden products and the tree, with its dense root system, is excellent for stabilizing eroding lands. The wood was once used extensively for artificial limbs, because it is lightweight, does not splinter easily, and holds its shape well. It is still used for boxes and crates, furniture core stock, turned pieces, tabletops, slack cooperage, wooden novelties, charcoal, and pulp. Ancient pharmacopoeia recognized the bark and leaves of willow as useful in the treatment of rheumatism. In 1829, the natural glucoside salicin was isolated from willow. Today it is the basic ingredient of aspirin, although salicyclic acid is synthesized rather than extracted from its natural state. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/salix/nigra.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SANI SNCOM.jpg&335218358326;„w˙7 Ulmus americana American elm is a native tree found throughout Eastern North America. Its range is from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, west to central Ontario, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan; south to extreme eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma into central Texas; east to central Florida; and north along the entire east coast. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leave are in 2 rows; 7.5 - 15 cm long, elliptical, abruptly long-pointed, base rounded with sides unequal; doubly saw-toothed; with many straight parallel side veins; thin; dark green and usually hairless or slightly rough above, paler and usually with soft hairs beneath; turning bright yellow in autumn. Bark: light gray; deeply furrowed into broad, forking, scaly ridges. Twigs: brownish, slender, and hairless. Flowers: 3 (mm) wide; greenish; clustered along twigs in early spring. Fruit: 10 - 12 mm long; elliptical flat 1-seeded samaras, with wing hairy on edges, deeply notched with points curved inward; long-stalked; maturing in early spring. Major uses: The wood of American elm is moderately heavy, hard, and stiff. It has interlocked grain and is difficult to split, which is an advantage for its use as hockey sticks and where bending is needed. It is used principally for furniture, hardwood dimension, flooring, construction and mining timbers, and sheet metal work. Some elm wood goes into veneer for making boxes, crates, and baskets, and a small quantity is used for pulp and paper manufacture. American elm (Ulmus americana), also known as white elm, water elm, soft elm, or Florida elm, is most notable for its susceptibility to the wilt fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi. Commonly called Dutch elm disease, this wilt has had a tragic impact on American elms. Scores of dead elms in the forests, shelterbelts, and urban areas are testimony to the seriousness of the disease. Because of it, American elms now comprise a smaller percentage of the large diameter trees in mixed forest stands than formerly. Before the advent of Dutch elm disease, American elm was prized for its use as a street tree. It was fast growing, hardy, tolerant to stress, and appreciated for its characteristic vase like crown. Beautiful shaded streets in many cities attested to its popularity. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. UACOM.jpg&419870231240354;„y˙OUlmus parvifolia Native to northern China, Japan and Korea. Introduced in the early 1900's by Frank N. Meyer (3). Distinguishing characteristics:leaves are alternate, simple, toothed, 2" long elliptical with asymmetrical base and with 12 or less pairs of viens (1). Terminal bud lacking. The fruit is a flat, papery samara 1/3" across that hangs in dense clusters (1) Two distinguishing charecteristics are the fact that this is one of the few species that flowers and fruits in the fall and the bark flakes off in small thin plates leaving a puzzle like pattern of browns, oranges, grays and greens (2). Major uses: it is often used as an ornamental tree to replace the American elm because it is resistant to Dutch Elm Disease. Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. www.hort.uconn.edu 2. www.floridata.com 3. www.plantexplorers.com UPCOM.jpg&421876231;„#˙"Celtis occidentalis is a species native to the Midwest US. It can be found as a small shrub in drier climates, but it is usually found as a tall tree. A Celtis occidentalis can grow to 130 feet tall under the right conditions. They have alternate simple leaves that are 2 to 5 inches long with apical serrated and basal entire margins. The fruit is a round, deep red/purple - black drupe with a thin sweet edible pulp around the seed. The fruit can be about ź to 1/3 of an inch around. The wood is of a medium hardness and strength. It is sometimes used for the manufacture of cheap furniture; mostly it is used for firewood because it has a Btu value close to Carya. Many bird and small animals eat the fruit, which hangs on to the tree into winter. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 CO1COM.jpg&414192231246362;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„PG˙Morus alba This tree is native to China, and was eventually introduced into the US at a failing attempt to establish a silk industry. It is a deciduous medium to large tree. Distinguishing characteristics: dense rounded tree, fast growing. Leaves have many shapes, can be lobed or not. Leaves are alternately arranged, dark green, and turn a dull yellow in the fall. The fleshy compound multiple fruit consists of many druplets, white to red, is edible, and ripens in June and July. Bark is a light tannish brown, and is said to have a sweet taste. Stems exude a white latex when broken in warm conditions. It prefers moist, well-drained soil. The tree is used to raise silk worms, and to landscape difficult sites. The fruit attracts songbirds. This tree is considered a nuisance, as it escapes cultivars easily. It is called a "trash tree" because of it's messy fruits, suckers, and invasive capabilities. Information provided by Lindsey E. Potter. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/moralb/moralb3.html http://www.treeguide.com MA1COM.jpg& 430557236248240;„a< ˙OMaclura pomifera Is a native tree found in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Louisiana [3]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple, alternate, serrate, acuminate tip, ovate, 5-12 cm long leaves with a milky latex [4]. The plant is dioecious with simple, inconspicuous, green 4 parted flowers and male auxiliary, 2.5-3.8 cm, racemes [3]. The globose fruit, 8-14 cm, is a multiple fruit of green 1 seeded drupes [3]. The fruit is not edible [5]. The twigs are thorny [5]. Major Uses: ornamental, root extracts for pesticides, food processing, and dye making [2]. Macluria pomifera has the greatest number of planted trees in North America than any other [2]. It also was used as fence lines leading to the invention of barb wire [2]. Following barb wire it became the major of fence posts that fenced in the west [2]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. MPCOM.jpg&429504236249408;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„*˙ŽFraxinus excelsior F. excelsior is a deciduous tree that flowers before it leafs. This tree is an introduced tree that originates from Europe. (European Ash). The most distinguishable characteristic of this species of Fraxinus is the black buds. There are many different varieties of this species. Most have odd pinnately compound leaves but the variety that is on campus has simple leaves that are glabrous, oppositely arranged and estipulate. The flowers occur in many-flowered panicles (30-200 flowers) that occur on the lateral shoots of the previous years growth. (1) The immature bark is smooth and gray with mature bark forming deep ridges and furrows. The fruit of this species is a samara and form in clusters. The wood from this species is used furniture and veneers. This species has a dwarf habit and seldom reaches a height of over 30m. This species is the only species of Fraxinus in Sweden. (1) Information was provided by Heidi L. Byrd 2003. (1) http://www.systbot.gu.se/staff/evawal/fraxinus/excelsior.html. Eva Wallander. 2/4/2003. (2) http://www.geog.qmul.ac.uk/popweb/fraxi/id.htm. Queen University London. 2001. (3) Class notes. Roger Meicenhiemer. September 8, 2003. FECOM.jpg&351376170;„-˙Fraxinus quadrangulata Native species in North America. Distinguishing Characteristics: quadrangular twigs; opposite, pinnately compound leaves; serrate margin. Major Uses: Timber tree, and is often sold to mills as white ash. Used for flooring and interior finishes, and sapwood used for tool handles [1]. Also used for ornamental purposes and shade/shelter [2]. On threatened status in Iowa and Wisconsin [2]. Called blue ash because of liquid that turns blue when hits air. Grows readily in dry soils and dry upland and limestone soils [3]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://project.bio.iastate.edu/trees/campustrees/fraxinusquad/fraxquad_info.html [2] http://plants.usda.gov [3] http://www.cmi.k12.il.us/urbana/uplandsprojects/apple/service/bpark/blueash.html FQCOM.jpg&653354376445168;„,˙QOleaceae Fraxinus Pennsylvanica: A.K.A.: Green Ash, red ash, swamp ash, and water ash. Native to eastern North America and is readily common west to Wyoming and Colorado along plains watercourses at elevations above 6000 ft. Fast growing and extremely hardy to climatic extremes once established, making it one of the most prevalent species of the Ashes. Leaf is opposite, pinnately compound with 7 to 9 serrate leaflets that are lanceolate to elliptical in shape. The leaf is 6 to 9 inches long and is glabrous to silky-pubescent below. The flower is dioecious, both sexes lacking petals, occurring as panicles. Flowers appear after the leaves unfold. Fruit is one-winged, dry, flattened samara with a slender, thin, seed cavity, maturing September to October and dispersing over winter. Twig is stout to medium texture, gray to green-brown and either glabrous or pubescent, depending on variety. Leaf scars are semicircular, lacking the notched top. Bark is gray-brown, think, furrowed into narrow, irregular, interlacing, scaly ridges. Older trees may be somewhat scaly. Green ash wood, because of its strength, hardness, high shock resistance, and excellent bending qualities, is used in specialty items such as tool handles and baseball bats but is not as desirable as white ash. It is also being widely used in revegetation of spoil banks created from strip mining. Green ash is very popular as a shade tree in residential areas because of its good form, adaptability to a wide range of sites, and relative freedom from insects and diseases. Seeds are used for food by a number of game and nongame animals and birds. Attempts have been made to artificially cross green ash with other ash species. Only the cross of green ash with velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) was consistently successful, yielded viable seed, and produced identifiable hybrids that grew as fast as the eastern parent. The other crosses yielded no identifiable hybrids. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/fraxinus/pennsylvanica.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_frpe.pdf FPCOM.jpg&651349376441164;„5p#˙áSyringa vulgaris Common lilac is native of Europe, introduced and naturalized in the United States; escapes from cultivation form New York to North Dakota. Distinguishing characteristics: Member of the Olive family (Oleaceae). Lilac is an introduced, perennial, deciduous shrub that can grow between 12- 16 feet tall. The leaves are simple, ovate to broadly ovate, and five to twelve centimeters long. The flowers are mostly white, lilac, or purple, pleasantly fragrant in long terminal panicles. The fruit capsules are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long with flat winged seeds. Major Uses: A green dye is retrieved from the flowers and the leaves and a yellow -orange dye is obtained from the twigs. An essential oil is obtained from the flowers and used in perfume. The bark and leaves has been chewed as a treatment for sore mouth. The Common lilac should be planted in areas with good air circulation to reduce problems with powdery mildew. Information provided by Kevin Stake, 2002. SVCOM.jpg&828376187;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„'˙(Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern catalpa Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate shaped in whorls of three with no terminal buds showing. Fruit is a distinctive cigar shaped terminal capsule. The fruit has many winged seeds inside. Originally native to the lower Ohio River valley and central Mississippi River Valley, this tree has been widely distributed through human intervention. Farmers first brought it into Ohio, commonly using it for fence posts. By way of intentional planting and "escapes" this tree has become established in most of Ohio's counties. People also have planted the Northern Catalpa as an ornamental tree for its showy, spring flowers. The wood, mostly used for fence posts, also has been used for railroad ties, cheap furniture, and interior finish. This is the favored food-plant of the Catalpa Sphinx Moth, which sometimes strips a tree of its leaves. Data from: http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/catalpa/catalpa.html Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 CSCOM.jpg&664183405449188;„?= ˙=Magnolia acuminata Native to United States. Distinguishing Characteristics: Green cucumber-shaped fruit with red-orange fruit. Yellow flowers borne on end of branches and close at night [1]. Leaves are simple, alternate, elliptical to ovate, deciduous, and pubescent. Buds are tomentose. Major uses: Ornamental. Seeds eaten by birds and rodents. Wood used for crates, furniture, interior trim, venetian blinds, and plywood. Sold as yellow-poplar wood [1]. Has not been sold as cucumber wood since 1928. Is an endangered tree species in Florida and Indiana[2]. There are no important diseases, but is very susceptible to ground fires and frost. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/accuminata.htm [2] http://plants.usda.gov/cge_bin/topics.cgic MACOM.jpg&437506253217404;„CB ˙JMagnoliaceae Magnolia Virginiana: A.K.A.: Sweet bay, swamp-bay, laurel, swamp, sweet magnolia, and swamp-laurel. Native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plains from Long Island south through New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania to southern Florida; west to eastern Texas, and north into southern Arkansas and southwest Tennessee; also appears in isolated portions of eastern Massachusetts, where it may reflect only older ornamental plantings. Mostly abundant in the States of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. Found on moist to wet sites in the southeastern U.S. Intermediate shade tolerance. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen, elliptical, approximately 6 inches long, and silvery white on the underside. Readily distinguished from others in genus by the white pubescence of its lower leaf surfaces. Young twigs are green and hairy with a velvety hairy terminal bud. Bark is mottled gray-brown to almost white and smooth, becoming scaly on older stems. Flowers are white and fragrant. Fruit is a cone-like cluster of red follicles. The soft aromatic straight-grained wood is easily worked and finishes well, so it is used for veneer, boxes, and containers. Its flowers and foliage make it an attractive landscape tree. Sweet bay is also a favorite food of deer and cattle. Deer browse the leaves and twigs all year. Cattle utilize sweet bay especially in the winter, when it can account for as much as 25 percent of their winter diet. Analysis of browse samples from Georgia and east Texas indicate that sweet bay contains 10 percent crude protein. The seeds are a favorite food of gray squirrels and are eaten to a lesser extent by white-footed mice, wild turkey, quail, and songbirds. Sweet bay is at times confused with loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus) and red bay (Perseaborbonia), since "bay" is the term commonly used in referring to any of these three species. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002 [1]http://www.forestry.auburn.edu/samuelson/dendrology/magnoliaceae_pg/sweetbay_magnolia.htm [2]http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_2/magnolia/virginiana.htm MVCOM.jpg&444519253221;„>? ˙Magnolia macrophylla Native to the southeastern U.S from Kentucky to Florida. This species had the largest simple leaf of any dicotyledonous tree in North America [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: The leaves can be from 12-32 inches long, and 7-12 inches wide and do not change color in fall. Large flowers are produced ranging from 8-12 inches wide with an ivory color and rose tint at the base of the flower. Fruits are in conelike aggregates and are called follicles that have a pinkish- red color, and are approximately 3 inches long. Major Uses: Some use as a shade tree. Due to a lack of urban tolerance and slow decomposition of leaves, causing a great deal of leaf litter, ornamental use has been slim [2]. This tree is currently listed as endangered in both Arkansas and Ohio [1]. Although generally considered deciduous, it may be semi- evergreen in the deep South [2]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] www.forestry.state.al.us/publication/100/Bigleaf%20Magnolia.pdf [2] hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/MAGMACA.pdf MFCOM.jpg&439253222;„BA ˙"Magnolia stellata Introduced to the US in 1860's from Japan, this species is commonly known as the Star Magnolia [1]. Distinguishing characteristics are the smaller, dark green elliptic leaves that are 2 to 4" long which have a bronze cast when new [2]. The bark is smooth and silver on the main trunk, and twigs are chestnut brown in color. Mature height is 15-20 feet. Flower are white to pink and are 3-4" across with 12-18 fragrant and showy sepals. Buds are grey and pubescent. Aggregate fruit is reddish green, about 2" long. When mature in early autumn, the fruit opens and drops orangish-red seeds. This softwood, small tree or shrub is for ornamental use in landscaping. It prefers deep organic and acidic soil. Flowers often bloom in late winter or early spring, before the leaves even emerge, and so are often prone to frost damage. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/magno_st.cfm [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/m/magste/magste1.html http://plantsdatabase.com/showpicture/3667/ MSCOM.jpg&517253;„"+˙ŐCrataegus crus-galli Native to Midwest U.S and Southern Canada. Distinguishing Characteristics: Obovate - oblanceolate leaves are waxy- green, 3 inches long, alternate arrangement, held upright above the stem, and in a V shaped staggering arrangement when looking down the axis of the stem. May be red, purple, orange, and yellow leaves on the tree at the same time during fall. Round, half inch drupe grows in clusters that are green in summer, orange by September, brick red in November, and can be persistent until January or later. This tree is low branching producing a short and more horizontally shaped tree. Trunk may become multi-trunked, and has bark peeling in thin gray strips. A white, unpleasant smelling flower blooms in mid- spring. One of the most distinguishing characteristics is the unbranched thorns, which can be quite sharp and dangerous. Major Uses: Due to this trees high urban tolerance and adaptability to poor soils, various soil pH levels, drought, heat, and winter salt spray, it makes and excellent and multi- use ornamental. Such uses include street liner, tall barrier hedge, and wildlife attraction due to the fruit that squirrels and birds consume. Although very adaptable environmentally this tree is quite susceptible to several pests and diseases including the Cedar Hawthorn Rust which affects the fruit, foliage, and stems [1]. Information provided by Greg Dutton, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/plantlist/cr_galli.html CC3COM.jpg&468269282392;„in,˙’Sassafras albidium S. albidium is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America. The most distinguishing characters of this species are the bright green, alternate, oval leaves. The leaves, on the same twig, are a mixture of 1-3 lobes. The tree grows to a height of 10-40 feet tall. The ridges and furrows of the bark are very aromatic. The tree flowers between the months of April- June before the leaves. The flowers are arranged in clusters and are greenish yellow. The fruit of this tree is a drupe arranged in clusters. For a time the tree was considered to be a cure all, making it a major colonial export, 2nd only to tobacco. As time went on the tree was only found effective relieving intestinal gas and as a diuretic. Until 1960, it was used as an antiseptic for dentistry and for flavoring in foods such as root beer and chewing gum. It was then determined the compound safrole, found in the oil of the root bark, was potentially carcinogenic. (1) The lumber of the Sassafras albidium is used today as a substitute for Fraxinus nigra. Information provided by Heidi L. Byrd, 2003. (1) Magic and Medicine of Plants. 1986. Readers Digest Association. SA1COM.jpg&450783264227242;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„+..˙ÔNative Distinguishing Characteristics: Even alternate pinnate/bipinnate compound leaves with acute/rounded apices, leaf length 10-50 cm, width 5-25 cm, leaflet blade length .1-10 cm, leaflet blade width .1-2.5 cm, surface is glabrous and lustrous, reddish brown twisted sickle legume, bark grayish brown with narrow ridges divided fissures, armed with heavy branched thorns on the lower branches and trunk. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: Honey-locust wood is dense, hard and durable used locally for posts, pallets, crates, general construction, furniture, interior finish, turnery, and firewood. It is useful, but is too scarce to be of economic importance. Interesting Facts: Honey-locust pods contain 16.1 % crude fiber and 9.3 % protein. Cattle, goats, white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail, and crows eat the locust pods. Honey-locust pods are being fermented for ethanol production in studies to explore the feasibility of biomass fuels. The tree is short-lived, intolerant of shade and reproduction becomes established only beneath openings in the forest canopy. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/gletri/ GTCOM.jpg&523362304388214;„h/˙6Cercis canadensis Native to eastern North America (from New Jersey to southeastern Nebraska, south to Texas, and east to central Florida) [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: small tree with maximum size approximately 25feet. Often multi-branched or having multiple trunks. Flowers appear in early spring before the heart-shaped leaves. Flowers and Legumes are borne on the branches, a trait known as cauliflory. Major Uses: Ornamental. Flowers and fruit are edible for many wild animals, such as deer and birds. Historically used by Native Americans medicinally for colds, flu, and fevers [2]. Interesting Facts: mentioned in Biblical references. Often located in disturbed areas and along forested areas as well as within due to their tolerance of sun and shade. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2202. CC2COM.jpg&518199304391400;„4/0˙"Caesalpiniaceae Gymnocladus Dioicus: A.K.A.: Kentucky coffee tree. Native to Midwestern North America. It grows in bottomlands, ravines, and lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from western New York and western Pennsylvania, west to southern Wisconsin, and south through Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and northern Louisiana. Usually scattered and rather uncommon in the wild. The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, very large 1 to 3 feet long, with numerous 1 1/2 to 2 inch, ovate leaflets with entire margins. Flowers are dioecious, males and females in long 3 to 4 inch branched clusters, whitish, appearing May to June. Fruits are reddish-brown, flattened, thickened pod, 3 to 8 inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches wide, contains 6 or more, dark brown seeds imbedded in a sticky pulp. Twigs are very stout, light brown with whitish patches, large heart-shaped leaf scar, salmon colored pith, and buds small and sunken. Bark is dark grayish-brown, scaly, developing deep fissures with scaly ridges. It is well suited as a lawn tree because it is attractive in all seasons and casts only light shade in summer. Kentucky coffee tree is useful as an urban tree and for street plantings since it is very tolerant of air pollution, salt and drought. Female trees are, however, messy in fall when they drop their pods. Male cultivars, which do not produce pods, are becoming available in the trade. The reddish brown wood is hard, durable and very attractive when finished and polished. It is used in cabinet making. Early settlers made a coffee substitute from the roasted seeds. Native Americans used infusions of the roots and bark as a laxative. The name, Gymnocladus, means "naked branch." Although the roasted seeds were once used as a substitute for coffee, the raw seeds are poisonous. It has been reported that cattle have been poisoned from drinking water into which seedpods have fallen. Information provided by Justin Makii, 2002 [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/g/gymn_dio.cfm [2] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/gdioicus.htm GDCOM.jpg&524364304391212;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„<i3˙ŁRobinia pseuodacacia The commonly known "black locust" is a native species belonging to the Fabaceae family originally located in the range of the Appalachian mountains and in southern Missouri [1]. The plant has successfully been planted in almost every other states and many other countries. Distinguishing characteristics include; alternate pinnately compound leaves harboring around 7-19 leaflets 1 1/2 to 2 inches long and 1/2 to 3/4 an inch wide [2]. The leaflets can be elliptical or ovate with entire margins. The base of the glabrous leaflets are round and the surfaces are a dull dark blue-green color occasionally with a slight pubescence on the abaxial midrib. The flowers are showy and aromatic, white, born in racemes around 5 inches long. The fruits are brown, flat and shaped like pea pods around 2-4 inches long. The fruits contain 4-8 reniform seeds 3/16 an inch long. The twigs are zigzag shaped, red-brown in color with spines are paired, 2 at each leaf [2]. The bark red-brown to nearly black with ridges and furrows. Major uses: the wood is very strong hard and durable and is used for fence posts, tool handles, railroad ties, fuel wood, etc. The bark is well-known to be toxic to all animals [1]. This species used to be utilized in recolonization of mined land in the past but popularity of this tree for this purpose has gone down. The tree is a legume and returns many minerals to the soil through its decaying leaves. Information provided by Ryan Banks, 2003. [1]. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/robpse/ [2]. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology. 2001. Hardin, James W., Leopold, Donald J., and White, Fred M. McGraw Hill. RPCOM.jpg&526753298392216;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„J˙bAcer griseum This species was introduced from China. Distinguishing characteristics: Papery bark that peels and curls to reveal cinnamon red branches and trunk. Leaves are odd pinnately compound with three leaflets. The underside of these leaflets are glaucous with fine pubescence. Major uses: Ornamental. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Trees & Shrubs.2002.Don Blaxell, Geoff Bryant, Richard Francis, Denise Grieg, Sarah Guest, Judy Moore, Tim North, Valda Paddison, Simon Roberts, Tony Rodd, Peter Scholer, Barbara Segall, John Stowar, Kevin Walsh. Global Book Publishing Pty Ltd. &42336;„I˙+Acer platanoides Native to Europe and western Asia. Now grows throughout many temperate areas in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-lobed leaves with 2 extra "teeth" on each lobe. Leaf veins and petiole exude milky sap when broken. Petiole often longer than leaf. Flowers presented in yellow-green clusters. Paired, winged samaras grow at a wide angle of approximately 180degrees. Large, plump green to purple terminal buds [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental, yet not good for residential areas due to damage causing root system. Hard wood used for furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and tool handles. Interesting Facts: commonly used in urban areas due to its tolerance of pollution. Due to its overuse as a specimen, this species has become essentially wild and now dominantly present in some areas once comprised of native species. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/aplatanoides.htm [2] http://www.botany.ubc.ca/arboretum/UBC049.HTM APCOM.jpg&57559336154;„D Acer ginnala AG1COM.jpg&41336154;„N˙öAcer pseudoplatanus Is an introduced species from Europe [4]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5 lobed leaves, 8-16 cm [4], with the lobes and teeth never sharply acuminate, they resemble Platanus leaves [6]. The inflorescences are pendulous racemes,6-15 cm [6] containing numerous 8-12 cm yellow-green flowers [4]. The fruit is a paired samara with 60-90° angle. The bark peels off in small flakes [4] Major Uses: ornamental [4]. It occasionally escapes from cultivation [6]. Information provided by: Christine Craig, 2002. 2. http://www.forestworld.com 3. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/htm 4. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 1. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 5. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs Volume 2. 1977. Krussman, Gerd. Timber Press. 6. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason , Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur. The New York Botanical Garden. AP1COM.jpg&57662336153;„H˙ÉAcer palmatum Acer platanum or Japanese Maple is a small ornamental tree and was introduced to the United States and native to the Orient.(1) This species has a slow growth rate and a spreading shape with a short, stout trunk, branching low to the ground. It performs best with rich, moist soil conditions in partially shaded locations (2). Distinctive characteristics: Simple leaf, arrangement is opposite, total length 5?13 cm, palmately lobed, primary lobes 7?9, margins finely serrated, sinuses broadly cleft extending more than one half the distance from the apex to the midrib. Twigs and buds greenish to reddish or purplish, leaf scar is V shaped with three distinct bundle scars. Fruit is a, double samara, angled at 75 to 100 degrees, green, 1?2 cm in length[3]. Economic Importance: Japanese Maple is valued for its interesting foliage [2]. Currently it is an expensive species due to its slow growth, and low availability. Information provided by Nicole Mihevic, 2003. [1] http://plants.usda.gov/ [2] http://www.hcs.ohio?state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ac_matum.html [3] Taxonomy and Ecology of Woody Plants in North American Forests. 2002. James S. Fralish and Scott B Franklin. John Wiley & Sons. AP2COM.jpg&50336155;„E˙ÚAcer negundo Acer Negundo is a native species. It is a small to large deciduous tree. It is often multi-stemmed, but it can be found single stemmed. It can grow to be very high almost 70 feet for the tallest, but most trees are only about 40 to 50 feet high. It has odd pinnately compound leaves with 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. It also retains a green stem. Its blunt buds are covered with fine white hairs. Acer negundo is a fast growing tree and is also very drought and cold hardy. The trunk of the Acer negundo is very susceptible to rot and is often infested with box elder bugs. The leaves fall for an extended period of time as does the samaras so it is thought of as a dirty tree. The tree is planted in the west a lot as a means of erosion and flood control. The wood of Acer negundo is not desired for lumber because it is light and low in strength. The wood is sometimes used in the making of cheap boxes and furniture. Information provided by Jared Baker, 2002 AN1COM.jpg&57248336426144;„G˙ôAcer campestre Native to Europe and near east Africa. Distinguishing Characteristics: Small yellow green leaves with rounded apices and sinuses. Milky sap in petiole. Scaly brown buds. Clusters of small yellow-green flowers in spring. Densely branched round crown. Major Uses: Mostly a landscape tree because of the dense branches. Tolerable to air pollution and urban conditions. Information provided by John Helton, 2003. [1] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/acecam/acecam1.html ACCOM.jpg&38336;„:r˙gTilia cordata Introduced to North America from Europe, possibly during colonial times[1]. Believed to have been dominant tree of English forests. Naturally distributed in England and Wales, and southern Scotland and most of western Europe except southern Spain, Italy, and Greece[2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves simple alternate with glossy green upper surface and lighter green lower surface. Margins of leaf have double serrations. Base of leaf is assymetric to heart-shaped. Leaf length is approximately 4-7 mm. Creamy yellow flowers occur in June and July as pendulous inflorescences. Fruits are small round nutlets with a rough surface which hang in clusters from pale yellow bracts and persist into winter. Twigs form a zig-zag pattern and reddish, shiny, and ovoid winter buds can be seen. Tree shape is pyramidal to tear-drop[3]. Major Uses: Often used as a shade or street tree due to its pyramidal shape and its ability to grow in a variety of soils. The flowers attract bees and so the tree is used by beekeepers[4]. It is good for carving and making small articles such as models. The wood is relatively soft and does not warp once dried. The bark has strong fiber and it was once used to make rope. Sugar can be made from the sap and the flowers can be dried and made into tea[5]. Information provided by Jon Tyson. [1] http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/linden_littleleaf/linden_littleleaf.html [2] http://www.british-trees.com/guide/smallleavedlime.htm [3] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ti_rdata.html [4] ibid [5] ] http://www.british-trees.com/guide/smallleavedlime.htm TCCOM.jpg&654857324352281;„8t˙%Tilia europaea Hybrid between two native European Tilias, T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. [1] Distinguishing Characteristics: Agreeable odor. 5-10 cm long broadly ovate leaves with inequilateral bases, acuminate apices and serrated margins. Leaves are dark green above and bright green below. They are also glabrous with axillary tufts of hair. Major Uses: Used as an aphrodisiac. Egyptians used as cures for diseases. Information provided by John Helton, 2003 [1] http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A921 TECOM.jpg&599999654860324;„ 6˙öAesculus glabra Native to Midwestern United States. Now ranging in areas from southern Michigan to central Texas [1]. Grown in woodland areas as well as ornamental specimens, yet a poor street tree. Distinguishing Characteristics: Non-Resinous buds. Large, showy, greenish-yellow fowers in spring. Polygamomonoecious: flowers either hermaphroditic or male. Produce very large seeds in a prickly capsule.Has an unpleasant odor when leaves are crushed. Major uses: ornamental. Rough lumber with small commercial importance; yet valuable, easily worked wood used for some furniture production. Roasted seeds once used for medicinal purposes. Seeds, leaves, and inner bark, containing saponins, are toxic to many vertebrates including humans when taken internally. Native Americans used buckeyes as fish poison as well as charms against arthritis. Aesculus glabra is the state tree of Ohio. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.treeguide.com/Species.asp?SpeciesID=116&Region=World AG2COM.jpg&58383334411157;„16˙ŤAesculus hippocastanum Was introduced to the country in 1957 from Europe and Asia [7]. It prefers full sun in well-drained soil making it a highly used shade tree [6]. Distinguishing Characteristics: 5-7 palmately compound, opposite blunt doubly serrate leaflets (10-25 cm). The winter buds are highly resinous. The twigs are glabrous. New growth has a thick brown wooly pubescence. The flowers are white with yellow to red speckles born on erect panicles [2]. Major Uses: Ornamentals [6]. Information provided by Christine Craig, 2002. 1. http://www.forestworld.com 2. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol. 1. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 3. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaf Trees and Shrubs Vol.3. 1978. Gerd Krussmann. Timber Press. 4. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada Second Edition. 1991. Gleason & Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden. 5. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quealb/index.html 6. http://bluehen.ags.udel.edu/udbg/trees/descriptions/a_hipposcastanum.html 7. Harlow & Harrar's Textbook of Dendrology Ninth Edition. 2001. Hardin, Leopold, & White. McGraw-Hill. AHCOM.jpg&58586334409158;„ 6˙ßThis species was formally known as Aesculus octandra Aesculus flava, Aesculus octandra Marsh. (Synonym) The native range is down the Ohio River Valley. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves have 5 pinnately compound elliptical leaflets that are yellow to green. The fruit is a smooth light brown capsule, unlike the spiky capsule of Aesculus glabra. Has a distinct sweet smell that contrast to the unpleasant odor of Aesculus glabra. This is the largest of the buckeyes. The wood is the softest of all American hardwoods and makes poor lumber; but it is used for pulpwood and woodenware. The young shoots and seeds contain poison that is harmful to animals, but the shape and foliage make this an attractive shade tree. The abundant, large nuts of yellow buckeye contain much starch but are apparently not suitable for food because they contain a poisonous glucoside, aesculin. The American Indian ate yellow buckeye nuts but first they roasted the nuts among hot stones and then peeled and mashed them and leached them with water for several days. This treatment apparently removed the aesculin. All data from: Sylvics of North America (www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual) Information provided by Alison Boutin, October 9, 2002 AOCOM.jpg&58685334410;„2 6˙ŽAesculus Carnea was brought to the United Sates from Germany where it originated as a cross between Aesculus pavia and Aesculus hippocastanum. It is a medium shady tree, which grows to about 30 or 40 feet tall. It has a very dark green palmately compound leaf with five leaflets. The compound leaf stays green into late October or early November. It is called the ruby red horsechestnut because of its large showy red to pink flowers in the late spring. Fruit is a capsule that is about an inch to an inch and half long containing 1-6 seeds with a light colored hilum on the top of the seed. It is more hardy tree than A. hippocastanum when it come to drought tolerance and mildew. The tree mostly planted as ornamental. The wood is not widely used commercially. Some researchers believe that it breeds true from seed, others think it is almost sterile; it is most often propagated by grafting. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 AC1COM.jpg&87334409159;„p7˙ŹIntroduced to Philadelphia by William Hamilton from eastern Asia in 1784 by way of Europe [1]. Naturalized in disturbed areas, roadsides, and urban environments throughout North America. Distinquishing Characteristics: Very long (30 - 60 cm) pinnately compound leaves with very disagreeable odor. Dark green glands associated with apices of basal teeth. Large showy inflorescences form large masses of oblong, twisted samaras. Very stout twigs have disagreeable odor and lack terminal buds. Major Uses: Ornamental. Reclamation of degraded landscapes. Fast growing in polluted urban environments. Very aggressive weedy species in hardwood forests since numerous seeds are produced and the tree generates abundant root and stump sprouts. Can be difficult to eradicate. The root system can cause damage to sewers and foundations. Bees collect nectar for honey production. The soft, weak, coarse-grained, and creamy white to light brown wood has no commercial value. This was the tree featured in Betty Smith's 1943 book and Elia Kazan's 1945 film "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn". Information provided by Roger Meicenheimer, 2002. [1] http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/jennjim/ailanthus.html AACOM.jpg&53992433232;„rJ8˙qNyssa sylvatica Native to eastern North America from Maine to Michigan and Illinois and south to central Florida, thriving in moist soils(1). Distinguishing characteristics:Alternate, simple, entire, dark green leaves with lighter sparsely pubescent on the veins, leaves clustered on dwarf branches (1). Some varieties have thin leaves with many clear dots on the underside (1). Terminal bud 7mm long with 5 yellowish-brown to reddish-brown scales that are hairy at the tips (1). The fruit is an oval, dark blue drupe with a large ribbed pit. The bark is reddish brown and has deep irregular ridges and diamond shaped plates up to 3cm thick (2). Major uses: the tough wood is used for lumber, pulp, veneer, gunstocks and pistol grips. The autumn foliage makes Nyssa sylvatica a popular ornamental tree. Bees also use the nectar to make honey. The young seedlings are highly browsed by deer and the fruits are eaten by numerous bird species (2). Information provided by Jeremy Tibbs, 2002. 1. Farrar, John L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United States and Canada. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Pgs.402-403. 2. www.fs.fed.us NSCOM.jpg&620567358402402;„9˙!Cornaceae Cornus Florida: A.K.A.: Flowering dogwood Occurs naturally in the eastern United States from Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to eastern Texas and Mexico, and east to central Florida. It grows in a variety of habitats throughout its range, but generally occurs on fertile, well drained but moist sites. Flowering dogwood is usually an under-story component in mixed hardwood forests or at the edges of pine forests. Leaves are opposite, simple, arcuately veined, 3 to 6 inches long, oval in shape with an entire margin. Flowers are very small, but surrounded by four large white (occasionally pink) bracts, 2 inches in diameter. Appearing March to April in the south, June in the north. Fruits appear as shiny, oval red drupes, 1/4 to 1/2 inch long, in clusters of 3 to 4, maturing in September to October. Twigs are slender, green or purple, later turning gray, often with a glaucous bloom. The terminal flower buds are clove-shaped; vegetative buds resemble a cat claw. Bark is gray when young, turning very scaly to blocky. The wood of dogwood is very hard and has some value in the forest products trade for such things as commercial loom shuttles and spindles. In colonial (U.S.A.) times, a tea brewed from the bark was said to reduce fevers. Squirrels and birds devour the red fruits. In recent years, flowering dogwood has been severely impacted by dogwood blight, a fungus disease that can decimate natural populations. The disease was first discovered in the 1970's, and by the 90's; it had spread throughout most of the dogwood's range. Infected trees show small spots with purple margins on the leaves. The disease eventually kills the leaves, and in 2-3 years, the tree dies. The disease (an anthracnose in the genus Discula) thrives in cool, moist weather and dogwoods in the open, with good air circulation and sunlight, are not usually attacked, as are trees in the forest under story. Information provided by Justin Makii 2002. [1]http://www.floridata.com/ref/C/cornus_f.cfm [2]http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/cflorida.htm CFCOM.jpg&615234358397181;„ 9˙PCornus mas Introduced species to this country probably before 1800 [3]. Native to Central and Southern Europe and Western Asia. Distinguishing Characteristics: Can be multi- or single-trunked, and grown as either a small tree or shrub. Small, yellow inflorescences. Leaves are simple, opposite, broad elliptic, with undulating leaf margins and approximately 3 in. long. The leaves have an arcuate vein pattern. Fruits are drupes that are green and then ripen to a bright red [2]. Major Uses: Ornamental and urban tolerant. Fruit eaten by birds and squirrels [2]. Fruit utilized in France to make an alcoholic beverage, vin de courneille, and is also used in preserves [1]. It is suggested that C. mas be planted in front of a red brick wall or near an evergreen tree to provide contrast with the yellow inflorescences [2]. Information provided by Kelly Munaretto, 2002. [1] http://www.bright.net/~dogwood/article.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/plantlist/description/co_mas.html [3]http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/dogwood_cornelian_cherry/dogwood_cornelian _cherry.html CM1COM.jpg&243358397186;„c:˙HAsimina triloba Asimina Triloba or the common pawpaw is a species that is native to the eastern US. It has simple alternate obovate leaves about 6 to 12 inches long. The stem has an unpleasant order when it is broken. It produces an edible greenish yellow to brown berry that is about 5 inches long and tastes similar to a banana. Inside the fruit are 2 to 3 flat bean shaped seeds. The fruit can be eaten raw or used to make puddings, breads or ice cream. Asimina triloba is planted as an ornamental or can be planted for fruit production. It can be a very weedy species in clear-cut areas in most of the midwest the site needs to be treated to suppress the Asimina triloba from shading out the other trees. There has been an anti cancer drug purified from this tree and it is being tested now. Information by Jared Baker, 2002 ATCOM.jpg&446119225398;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„dU)Coded by Eric Chapman. pc20acom.jpg&468262368-369;„@@ ˙ÁMagnolia soulangiana Also known as the saucer magnolia, this tree is of garden origin. The parents of this hybrid are both native to China. The Saucer Magnolia originated by chance in 1820, as an accidental seedling in a French garden. [1] It's a member of Magnoliaceae. The leaves are elliptic to obovate and are 20 cm long and 12 cm wide. They are tapered at the base and usually rounded at the tip with a short point. They are dark green and nearly smooth above, paler and fine pubescence underneath. The bark is gray and smooth. Fruit clusters ripen from green to pink. It is a cylindrical cluster up to 10 cm long. Large, pubescent buds are carried through the winter at the tips of the branches. They open in early spring to produce large, white flowers with the backs or bottoms of petals colored pink. The flower display is often cut short or destroyed by frost. It is an early spring-flowering tree that also has ornamental winter floral buds, smooth gray bark, bold texture, and dense shade. This specimen is used as a focal point in an entranceway or street tree. It is often serving as an early spring accent. Saucer magnolia's can be sensitive to being transplanted in autumn. Information provided by Lisa Walter, 2003 [1]http://www.oplin.lib.oh.us/products/tree/fact%20pages/magnolia_saucer/magnolia_saucer.html [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/ma_giana.html [3] TREES. 1992. Coombes, Allen J. Dorling Kindersley. MS1COM.jpg&443515253;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„,:>"˙đLonicera maackii Introduced to the United States in 1898 from china [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Simple oppositely arranged leaves. Glabrous dark green upper surface. Small white inflorescence which flowers in May and June [2]. Fruits are bright red and very abundant in autumn months [2]. Has a brown pith coloration and pubescence on one year twig [3]. Major Uses: Ornamental. Sometimes used for landscaping but not often due to its invasiveness. Weak shrub has no commercial value for wood. Information provided by Clayton Baker 2003. [1] http://webapps.lib.uconn.edu/ipane/browsing.cfm?descriptionid=66 [2] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/Plantlist/lo_ackii.html [3] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/lonmaa/lonmaa1.html Lmcom02.jpg&943495418;„u{?"˙ţViburnum acerifolium Viburnum acerifolium is a native species to the United States. Distinguishing characteristics: Multi-branched trunk. Deciduous, simple, opposite, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate leaf that is somewhat pubescent. In the fall leaves change to a reddish purple color. Fruits a black egg-shaped drupe. Stems are brown with pubescence. Blooms in June with yellowish-white flowers. Major Uses: Landscaping. Information provided by Stacey Lewis, 2003. [1] Http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/a.html VACOM.jpg&1341936889418;„30@#˙zHydrangea arborescens Native, New York to Iowa, south to Florida and Louisiana [1]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Shrub 1-3 m, leaves coarse, opposite, simple, acute to acuminate, rounded to cordate at base, 5-20 cm, serrate; bark shreddy; flowers white to green to brown, in flattened to broadly convex corymbs 5-10 cm in diameter, June-Sept.; fruit a capsule [1,2]. Major Uses: ornamental, medicinal use as diuretic and for kidney stones [3]. Information provided by Samantha Tessel, 2003. [1] Dirr, M.A. 1975. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing Company: Champaign, Illinois. [2] Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plats of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden: Bronx, New York. [3] http://www.na.fs.fed.us HFL.jpg&747475382292;„"(A˙ŻForsythia suspensa- "Weeping forsythia" Native to China. Introduced to North eastern U.S. in 1833 [4]. Distinguishing characteristics: A deciduous shrub growing 8-10ft tall and 10-15ft. wide. It has a distinct weeping habit with fine arching and trailing branches. The Weeping forsythia is one of the first shrubs to flower in the early spring. A large array of golden yellow flowers appears in March-April before the leaves are even present. Flowers are 1-2 inches across with four narrow petals. There are 1-3 flowers at each node. The leaves are oppositely arranged and mostly simple, some are divided into 2-3 lobes. They have toothed margins and are 2-4 inches long. The stems are slender and hollow between nodes and dotted with many raised lenticels. Fruit is an inconspicuous brown capsule [2]. Major uses: landscaping: mixed shrub borders or mixed hedges. It is an attractive shrub because it can be trained to grow up a wall or to grow up into a tree or large shrub [1]. Seeds of Forsythia have been used for medicinal purposes having antibacterial, antifungal, and other properties [3]. White tailed deer are extremely fond of Forsythia and will keep the leaves stripped all summer long if given the chance [1]. [1] http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/fors_sus.cfm [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/f/forsus/forsus3.html [3] http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/forsythia.htm [4] http://www.il-st-acad-sci.org/transactions/PDF/8813.pdf fs2com.jpg&339376;„;v˙/Tilia tomentosa Introduced to the United States and is native to western Asia [2]. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are cordate and ovate, densely pubescent underneath. Leaves have serrate and doubly serrate margins. Pubescence can be found on the twigs as well as the buds. Blade length is 2 to 4 in. Flowers are yellowish white and fragrant. Fruits are nuts and have pubescence, are inconspicuous (<0.5 in.) and persist into winter. Fruits are oval in shape and are dry/hard with a tan color woody. There is typically one trunk with branches that droop [1]. Twig color is brown or green. Major Uses: Used as a hedge, and it is often used in cities: urban tolerant - parking lots streets without sidewalks. It is difficult to transplant, but is good as a street tree and casts dense shade [1]. Prefers moist well drained soil but will grow in a range of soil type. It will tolerate wind, salts, and air pollution. Information provided by Christopher Cruz, 2002. [1] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_ST642 [2] http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/t/tiltom/tiltom3.html TTCOM.jpg&654;„7uTilia platyphyllos TPCOM.jpg&999654;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„9˙ONative Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaf: Alternate, simple, oval to ovate, arcuate venation, 2 1/2 to 5 inches long; leaves do tend to cluster near branch tips so they may appear whorled or opposite; margins may be somewhat wavy. Flower: White, in flat-topped clusters. Fruit: Bluish-black drupe in clusters; fruit stalks turn reddish. Twig: Slender, reddish to green in color; leaf scars small slits, terminal buds small (1/4 inch long), ovoid with two or three scales showing; pith white; dead twigs turn a yellowish-orange color. Bark: Smooth, dark green, streaky; eventually develops shallow fissures. Major Uses of Tree and Wood: ornamental Interesting Facts: On the endangered species list according to the preservation of native flora of Florida. Mujomij means Cornus alternifolia in Anishinabe. They used the plant to bathe diseased eyes by steeping the root in water and straining the liquid for a curable solution. Information provided by Sean Henderson, 2002 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/calternifolia.htm http://www.d.umn.edu/~mcanned1/ethano.html&;„OH"˙äLonicera morrowii This species is non-native brought to the United States from Asia belonging to the caprifolicaceae family. Distinguishing characteristics include simple, oppositely arranged oval to ovate leaves the can be 1 to 2 ˝ inches long, showing pubescence [1]. The flower is small often an inch that starts out white and changes to yellow with appealing fragrances. The fruit is very small, about ź inch, and is a red berry. This species is shrub like forming many stems creating a wide crown up to 8 feet. There are pretty much no major uses for the wood of the species or its ornamental purposes [1]. Much research has been done to figure out a way to stop the Lonicera species from spreading in the United States. Already one of the most problematic invasive species, the numerous berries of the Lonicera are devoured by birds and thus easily spread in open areas. This spreading is accomplished by the super-vigorous growth habit of the plants. These species put out leaves before basically any other species has time to, and grows at an astounding pace, often up to 8-10 feet a year. Information provided by Ryan Banks 2003. [1]. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/lmorrowii.htm encoded by Sara Ernst, 2001 LM01com.jpg&221954-965102-103;„S˙ Prunus maackii Named after botanist Richard Maack, native to Manchuria and Korea and introduced to United States in 1878 [2]. Member of the Rosaceae, commonly known as Amur Chokeberry or Chokecherry. Distinguishing Characteristics: deciduous, 30-40 ft tall. Leaves are alternate, simple, ovate with serrate margins and a pubescent mid-rib and are 2-4" long. White flowers are fragrant and showy. They bloom in late April, in 2" long dense racemes. Fruit is a round black drupe, about 0.5" diameter, that attracts birds. Ornamental bark is reddish brown and peels off in shiny strips. Trees often planted in gardens to provide winter coloring from the ornamental bark. Seeds contain amygdalin, which in processed form is used in cancer chemotherapy, and phloretin, which is an antibiotic [1]. Information provided by Lindsay Weingartner, 2003. [1] http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/trees/handbook/th-3-73.pdf [2] http://extension.umn.edu/county/dakota/Gardening/Trees/amurchokecherry.html Data encoded by Nathan Howell, 2001 PM01com.jpg&;„*1 "Data encoded by Catherine Dilley &559-560223-224290-291430-431184;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„0 ˙´Data encoded by Katrina Coveney, 2001 Native to Europe and Asia Minor. Distinguishing Characteristics: Leaves are doubly serrate with impressed veins. Monoecious, pendulous catkins produced before foliage. Three-lobed bracts with light brown nutlets. Prominent axillary winter buds are long and partially curved around the twigs. Many branches occur low on trunk in a semi-whorled fashion [1] Bark texture is smooth with shallow vertical strips.Outer bark color is dark brown-black to dark ash grey while the inner bark is reddish to orange reddish. Major uses: as specimen or focal point for its dense, formal, symmetrically columnar or rounded shape. Often used to soften corners of large buildings. The species is rarely available, but cultivars, such as Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata', are more commonly attainable. Information provided by Kristin Bush, 2002. [1] http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/plantlist/description/ca_tulus.html CB01com.jpg&4714293;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙;„$#+˙tSmall to medium sized native tree (shrub) of old fields and fence rows. Rarely planted as landscape tree. Thorns usually present. Red-orange pome in fall. Bad smelling, white flowers in early spring. Underside of leaf very pubescent early in growing season, less pubescent later. Yellow-orange rust spots common on leaves. Encoded by Tim King Botany 630 D Summer 2002 CM2002.jpg&;„˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙SFraxinusAcerTiliaFagusPrunusUlmusJuglansQuercus AceraceaeIlexPlatanus LiquidambarMagnolia LiriodendronBetulaSophoraCarya JuniperusSequoiaTaxodiumPiceaLarix PseudotsugaPinusCorylusOstryaCarpinusPopulusSalixCeltisMorusMacluraSyringaCatalpaPyrusMalus Crataegus Sassafras GleditsiaCercis GymnocladusRobiniaAesculus AilanthusNyssaCornusAsiminaLoniceraViburnum Hydrangea ForsythiaRhusMyricaLinderaParthenocissus.Oleaceae Aceraceae TiliaceaeFagaceaeRosaceaeUlmaceae Juglandaceae Aquifoliaceae PlatanaceaeHamamelidaceae Magnoliaceae Betulaceae CupressaceaePinaceae SalicaceaeMoraceaeScuophulariaceae Bignoniaceae LauraceaeCaesalpiniaceaeFabaceae AceeraceaeHippocastanaceae Simaroubaceae Cornaceae AnnonaceaeCaprifoliaceae Hydrangeaceae Anacardiaceae MyricaceaeVitaceae˙˙ CXDatablock †1,ƒ0€0H$ЄŒĆ – X'Œ!„T@((6H0Čh† BØ1đ€2œ(ř H$Ŕŕ €€0,€8ʄ Bˆ1ü2(řŒČ'Ŕ@ !(¸… €1(€€(Ȅ ` €!ĆáPDů$Đ$Ā„P €€ą€$€Œ„†‚@†BĂ8† $(8\8 € €!  g°… Ŕń€˜Ä‡X„B0 Fsŕ $ť$P Á D€ €@ €Ŕą€† ƒĚF#ˆ€H4$( „`D€`€ PMĆ 0 1@@…†@ ŒBBSL„$xD €(lBB0łŔX„‡Čƒ 9†1@8DPƒf €  ‡@ 1 €„  ‡˜ "ˆÁ”š$Pƒ Ā 0! …P‡ €@3 Ä…bŒ!"ˆ $P ƒ Dˆˆ€€@ŕLü‡(€0„‰ ˆ(Îť#‘2€HĐŒD h ‚„@$(>@$H¨–ŒFAŒ!H2(řŒH Ŕ„ $ŕ1‚(€…Œ  B‚Œ!"2(řŒH Ŕ !`,(€(€1€Œˆ…„€` B†1"Đ$P@0Č$Ŕ`@P€DD€ ˛$(„†0 BĂ02@,$P FH Ŕ‚  €ą @3€˜ä ƒ C@Š @(€$(0! 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