BD6Mineral IdentificationTeresa Schwoeppe & Joe Ohradzansky Mineral Identification Database suitable for grades 7-12 Objectives: 1. The students will use the xid database to identify minerals following the steps of the scientific method. 2. Students will integrate technology into their method of identification. 3. Students will devise a classification system for a set of objects (minerals). 4. Identify chemical and/or physical properties of matter. G CXAttdata8 Colorless8Blue8Green8Violet8Red8Black8Brown8Yellow8Orange8White8Tan8Gray8PinkMetallic LusterMinerals that reflect lightNonmetallic LusterAll other minerals Glassy LusterMinerals that look like glass Pearly LusterBrilliant LusterDiamondDull (Earthy) Luster$Mineral that lakcs any kind of shine ColorlessBlackBlueYellowRedGreenBrownGrayWhite1 Cleavage Plane2 Cleavage Planes3 Cleavage Planes4 Cleavage Planes5 Cleavage Planes6 Cleavage PlaneUneven or Irregular"Breakage causes a rough surface. Splintery or Fibrous1Broken surface looks like a piece of broken wood. Conchoidal%Curved surfaces on fractured minerals1 (Talc) Easily scratched by fingernail  2 (Gypsum) Can be scratched by fingernail  3 (Calcite)'Barely can be scratched by copper penny 4 (Fluorite)'Easily scratched by steel file or glass 5 (Apatite))Can be scratched by steel file or glass  6 (Feldspar)Scratches glass with difficulty 7 (Quartz)%Easily scratches both glass and steel 8 (Topaz)Scratches quartz 9 (Corundum)No simple tests 10 (Diamond)Scratches everything  0-1 1.01-2 2.01-3 3.01-4 4.01-5 5.01-6 6.01-7 > 7 Present Absent Fluorescence Phosphorescence Present AbsentPresentAbsent7 Cleavage Planes8 Cleavage Planes9 CXMenudata IGeneral Characteristic8 ILusterELuster is defined as light reflected from the surface of a mineral.  IStreakStreak is defined as the color of the mineral in powdered form. To observe streak rub the mineral against a piece of unglazed ceramic tile ("streak plate"). The streak may not be the same color as the larger piece of mineral! ICleavage and FurrowSCleavage is the tendency of a mineral to split easily along certain surfaces, and is related to the type of bonds in the internal structure of the mineral. If the minearl does not break along a cleavage plane this is considered a fracture, or break. This is identified by the mineral breaking unevenly into curved or irregular pieces. ICleavage !EFIFracture"#$IHardnessHardness is the measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching and is determined by scratching it against the minerals on Mohs hardness scale. The softest mineral is Talc, with a hardness of 1. The hardest mineral is a diamond, with a hardness of 10. A true scratch remains when a harder mineral rubs a softer mineral. If neither of the two minerals scratches the other, they have the same hardness. The hardness of a mineral is due to the strength of the bonds between the atoms or ions that make up its internal structure %&'()*+,-.IIDensityODensity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume. The units of density are grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). The following equation can be used to solve for the density of an object: Density = Mass/Volume The density of a mineral depends on the kinds of atoms it contains and how closely they are packed. 56789:;<ISpecial Properties of Minerals I Magnetism=>I Fluorescence and PhosphorescenceThe ability to glow under ultraviolet light is referred to as fluorescence. Other minerals subjected to ultraviolet light will continue to glow after the ultraviolet light is cut off. Minerals with this property are called phosphorescence. ?@I Double RefractionRefraction occurs when light rays bend as they pass through transparent material. A small class of minerals bend light in such a way that they produce a double image of an object viewed through them. This property is called double refraction. ABI RadioactivityxRadioactive minerals occur when the atoms have unstable nuclei which decay over time by releasing particles of energy. CDIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIColorColor alone is not a reliable clue in identifying a mineral sample because of the presence of trace elements and weathering of surfaces. Chromium forms red, cobalt has a blue color, as does titanium, and magnesium and iron will give a purple color.  VMinerals and Gemstones of the World by G. Brocardo Copyright 1994 by David and Charles(http://www.rocksandminerals.com/uses.htm/http://www.riotinto.com/library/IL_aluminum.asphttp://www.webmineral.com/http://www.alpinechemicals.com/garnet-usage.htm.http://www.bernardine.com/gemstones/garnet.htmHhttp://www.mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/hornblen/hornblen.htm-http://www.mineralminers.com/html/permins.stmhttp://www.minerals.netGCollecting Gems & Minerals by Chris Pellant Copyright 1997 Quarto Inc. iModern Earth Science by Sager, Ramsey, Phillips and Watenpaugh: Copyright 1998, Holt Rinehart and Winston CXItemnameApatiteBauxiteBiotiteCalcite ChalcopyriteCorundumDolomiteFluoriteGalena Garnet Graphite Gypsum Halite Hematite Hornblende Magnetite Malachite MuscoviteOlivine Orthoclase PlagioclasePyriteQuartz SphaleriteTalc CXItemrecChemical Formula: Ca5(OHFCl)(PO4)3 Name Origin: Named from the Greek- "I am misleading" Uses and facts: Apatite is the most common phosphate mineral, and the main sourceof the phosphorus required by plants. The bones and teeth of most aminals, including humans, are the same material as Apatite. Apatite is essential in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers, and is very important in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. *Will dissolve in hydrochloric acid Apatite1.jpg Chemical Formula: Al(OH)3 Uses and Facts: Bauxite is the mineral ore of aluminum which is used in the manufacturing of cans, airplanes, sporting and electronic equipment and home appliances. Bauxite BChemical Formula: K(MgFe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 Name Origin: Named after the French physicist Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), who studied the optical properties of the micas. Uses and Facts: Biotite turns to chlorite when explosed to atmospheric agents, and has been found in large quantities ejected from Vesuvius. Biotite.jpg XChemical Formula: CaCO3 Name Origin: From the Latin, calx, meaning lime. Uses and Facts: Calcite is one of the most common minerals on earth. It is the primary ore of calcium and is indispensable in the construction industry, forming the base of cement. It is also crucial in the manufacturing of fertilizers, metals, glass, and rubber. Calcite.jpg Chemical Formula: CuFeS2 Name Origin: From the Greek, chalkos, "copper". Uses and Facts: Chalcopyrite is the most common and important mineral for the extraction of copper. Chalcop1.jpg Chemical Formula: Al2O3 Name Origin: Probably derived from the Sanskrit, kuruvinda, meaning "ruby". Uses and Facts: Corundum is the hardest mineral after the diamond. Most notable known as sapphires and rubies, corundum is easily synethesized in labs now making fake gems. Corundum.jpg Chemical Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 Name Origin: Named after the French mineralogist and geologist, D. de Dolomieu (1750-1801). Uses and Facts: Dolomite is used to make magnesia, which has important medical applications. Dolomit1.jpg @Chemical Formula: CaF2 Name Origin: Named after its composition containing fluorine. Uses and Facts: Fluorite is the only mineral for which significant quantities of the important element fluorine can be obtained. There is also a great demand for fluorite in the optics field producing lenses from the crystals. Fluorit1.jpg Chemical Formula: PbS Name Origin: The Roman naturalist, Pliny, used the name galena to describe lead ore. Uses and Facts: Galena is the greatest ore of lead. Galena was also used in early radio devices. Galena4.jpg DChemical Formula: Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 Uses and Facts: Garnet is the official birthstone for January. Garnet displays the greatest variety of color of any mineral, occurring in every color except blue. Garnet is also used as an abrasive for sand blasting, polishing glasses, grinding wheels, and water jet cutting systems. garnet-rough.jpg oChemical Formula: C Name Origin: From the Greek, graphein, "to write" Uses and Facts: Graphite is soft, and flaky, due to these characteristics it is actually what is used in pencils when mixed with clay. It's main function however is as a luricant. It also has many electrical uses because it is the only nonmetal that is a good conductor of electricity. Graphit1.jpg Chemical Formula: CaSO4 x 2H2O Name Origin: From the Greek, gyps, meaning "burned" mineral. Uses and Facts: Gypsum is the primary ingrediant in plaster of Paris and is also used in the production of cement. Gypsum is also good for fertilizer. Gypsum1.jpg Chemical Formula: NaCl Name Origin: From the Greek halos, meaning "salt" and lithos meaning "rock" Uses and Facts: Taste salty and is the source of common salt. Salt is important not only for food seasoning and preservation, but also to melt snow, and for cattle licks. HALITE.jpg Chemical Formula: Fe2O3 Name Origin: From the Greek, haimatites, "bloodlike" in allusion to vivid red color of the powder. Uses and Facts: Hematite is the principle ore of iron supplying 90% of the iron in the United States. It is also used for jewlery. HEMATITE.jpg Chemical Formula: (CaNa)2x3(MgFeAl)5Si6(SiAl)2O22(OH)2 Uses and Facts: Horneblende is not often a collection mineral because good crystals are somewhat hard to find even though the mineral is widespread. However a few specimens are extraordinary and make for valuable specimens. hornblende.jpg Chemical Formula: Fe3O4 Name Origin: Also known as Lodestone, named after the magnetic properties unique to this mineral. Uses and Facts: Magnetite is an important ore of iron. MAG.jpg Chemical Formula: CuCO3Cu(OH)2 Name Origin: From the Greek, malache, "mallow" in reference to green leaf color. Uses and Facts: Malachite is a precious ornamental stone. MALAC.jpg gChemical Formula: KAl2Si3O10(OH)2 Name Origin: From Muscovy glass, alluding to the Russian province of Muscovy. Uses and Facts: Waxy feel, thin flexible sheets. It is widely used in industry owing to its hardness and its electrical and thermal insulating properties. Also known as potassium mica or white mica, it is the most common of the micas. Muscovite.jpg Chemical Formula: (MgFe)2SiO4 Name Origin: Named after the green color Uses and Facts: Olivine is used as flux for making steel. It is an ore of magnesium and is also known as August's birthstone, Peridot. Olivine Chemical Formula: KAlSi3O8 Name Origin: From the Greek -orthos, "right" and klao-, "I cleave" in allusion to the obtuse cleavage angles of the good cleavages. Uses and Facts: Orthoclase is used in the manufacturing of glass and ceramics. Orthoclase.jpg Chemical Formula: (NaCl)(AlSi)4O8 Name Origin: From the Greek plagios- "oblique" and klao- "I cleave" in allusion to the obtuse cleavage angles of the good cleavage. Uses and Facts: Plagioclase is used in the manufacturing of ceramics. plagioclase hChemical Formula: FeS2 Name Origin: From the Greek pyrites lithos, "stone which strikes fire," in allusion to the sparking produced when iron is struck by a lump of pyrite. Uses and Facts: Pyrite was once the main source of sulfur but today it is used purely for ornamental use. Native Americans have been known to use it as a mirror when polished. PYRITE.jpg pChemical Formula: SiO2 Name Origin: From the German "Quartz", of uncertain origin. Uses and Facts: Can be various other colors due to the presence of trace elements. Quartz is primary used in glass making, but also have uses electronically in watches and radios, as well as silicon semiconductors in computers. Quartz is also used in soaps and ceramics. Quartz.jpg Chemical Formula: ZnS Name Origin: From the Greek sphaleros- "misleading" Uses and Facts: Sphalerite is the main ore of zinc. SPHAL.jpg Chemical Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Name Origin: From the Arabic Uses and Facts: Soapy or Greasy Feeling. It is one of the silicates most widely used in industry: paper, textiles, cosmetics, dyes, pharmaceutical products, explosives, refractory and insulating materials. 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